* Fusaka expands Ethereum’s data capacity with PeerDAS and larger block limits, enabling 100,000+ TPS through layer-2 rollups while keeping nodes lightweight.
* The new blob fee reserve mechanism stabilizes data costs and creates a steady fee-burn stream, aligning network growth with ETH’s long-term value.
* While previous upgrades built stability and modularity, Fusaka amplifies data capacity, lowers rollup costs, and strengthens the link between scalability and decentralization.
* Fusaka bridges today’s Ethereum with upcoming phases, such as Glamsterdam, Surge, Verge, Purge, and Splurge, setting the stage for global-scale, decentralized adoption.
Ethereum’s upcoming Fusaka upgrade (targeted for Dec 3, 2025) is a major hard fork designed to boost the network’s capacity and efficiency.
Named by combining the internal project names “Osaka” (execution layer) and “Fulu” (consensus layer), Fusaka continues Ethereum’s multi-phase roadmap of upgrades (after the Merge, Shanghai/Capella, Dencun, Pectra, etc.) with a focus on scaling, security, and user experience.
Its headline features include Peer Data Availability Sampling (PeerDAS) , new Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks, higher gas and block limits, and several EVM and consensus enhancements. These changes aim to dramatically increase transaction throughput (targeting 100K+ transactions per second via layer-2 rollups) while keeping node requirements affordable.
When the Fusaka Upgrade Goes Live
The upgrade is scheduled to activate on the Ethereum mainnet on 3 December 2025. The exact activation time is 21:49:11 UTC, at block slot 13,164,544.
Following the main activation, additional “Blob Parameter Only ” (BPO) forks, which further increase blob throughput, are planned. The first BPO update (BPO1) is scheduled for 9 December 2025, and a second one (BPO2) for 7 January 2026.
Key Technical Features of Fusaka
Fusaka bundles many Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) to improve layer-1 data capacity and efficiency. Key components include:
* PeerDAS (EIP-7594): Implements data availability sampling. Instead of every node downloading all layer-2 “blob” data, PeerDAS breaks blob data into pieces and distributes them across the network. Each full node then holds only about 1/8 of blob data. This cuts bandwidth and storage per node by 90% and enables 8× more blob capacity (theoretical scale) without overwhelming validators. In effect, PeerDAS lays the groundwork for full danksharding by letting the network verify large data blobs via random sampling rather than complete downloads.
* Blob parameter forks (EIP-7892): Introduces flexible “mini-forks” that can increase the number of blobs per block (the current limit) without needing a full hard fork. After Fusaka, node clients can agree to bump the target and maximum blob counts gradually. For example, a planned BPO update in Jan 2026 raises blobs from 6 to 14 per block, supporting Ethereum’s ambition to exceed 100,000 TPS with L2s. This mechanism ensures elastic scaling: Ethereum can add more data capacity over time as rollup demand grows.
* Blob fee reserve price (EIP-7918): Sets a minimum “base fee” under each blob’s gas price to prevent the fee from dropping to near-zero when demand is low. This ties data fees more closely to Ethereum’s execution cost. In practice, the protocol compares the blob fee to execution gas used; if the reserve price is higher, it prevents further fee drops and lets fees rise normally. The result is a more stable fee market for rollup data – L2 projects will always pay at least a meaningful fee for on-chain data. Analysts suggest this could turn blobs into a sustained revenue stream for ETH holders, rather than a heavily-subsidized utility.
* Gas and block limits: Fusaka raises the network capacity by adjusting gas limits and block sizes. EIP-7935 coordinates clients to increase the default gas limit above today’s 45M (devnets target 60M). At the same time, EIP-7825 caps any single transaction’s gas to 2^24 (16.7M) , preventing one big TX from stalling a block. A new RLP block size cap of 10 MB (10,485,760 bytes) is introduced (with a 2 MB safety margin). This hard limit (separate from gas) ensures very large blocks can’t create consensus or DoS issues. Together, these changes allow higher throughput (more TX per block) while keeping worst-case processing time manageable.
* Security and EVM upgrades: Several EIPs boost resilience and developer experience. EIP-7823 and EIP-7883 adjust the MODEXP precompile (modular exponentiation) pricing to match actual computation, preventing one heavy crypto operation from consuming an entire block. EIP-7939 adds a new Count Leading Zeros (CLZ) opcode for the EVM, making bitwise math and certain zero-knowledge proof circuits simpler and cheaper.
For user security, EIP-7951 adds a built-in secp256r1 (P-256) signature checker, enabling hardware wallets and passkey support (Apple, Android, FIDO) natively. This makes key management more secure and user-friendly, broadening mainstream wallet compatibility. Finally, EIP-7917 (proposer lookahead) gives validators advance notice of upcoming block proposers, which helps based rollups and pre-confirmation schemes offer faster, reliable finality.
Fusaka’s Impact on Ethereum’s Performance
Scalability and Throughput
By design, Fusaka greatly expands Ethereum’s capacity, especially for layer-2 rollups. PeerDAS alone lets the network handle up to 8× the blob data. Coupled with raising default gas limits (to 60M) and block sizes (10 MB), this means significantly higher transactions per second.
Estimates suggest the Ethereum base layer plus rollups could handle 100,000+ TPS in the long run. In practice, rollups will directly post more data on-chain at lower cost, speeding up decentralized apps (DeFi, gaming, NFTs). Early analyses predict layer-2 data fees could fall 40-60% thanks to PeerDAS and BPO forks, making the user experience much faster and cheaper.
Security and Stability
Fusaka introduces proactive protections against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Gas limits per transaction and capped MODEXP pricing mean no single transaction can monopolize a block. The 10 MB block cap prevents oversized blocks from causing network splits or excessive validation time.
By ensuring even huge block loads propagate reliably, Fusaka maintains Ethereum’s security model. The blob fee floor also ties L2 congestion back to economic incentives, so validators and stakers capture real value from network use.
Overall, the upgrade scales the network while preserving decentralization: each validator stays on the same playing field. In fact, Ethereum’s roadmap emphasizes that PeerDAS was introduced so nodes and validators wouldn’t need ever-growing hardware as throughput rises.
Decentralization
A common scaling trade-off is dropping decentralization, but Fusaka explicitly avoids this. PeerDAS distributes data so ordinary nodes remain sufficient: each full node handles just 1/8 of blob data. History expiry (EIP-7642) lets clients prune post-Merge history, reducing disk use by hundreds of GB and speeding sync for new nodes.
The addition of modern cryptography (secp256r1) and opcodes makes Ethereum more accessible for lightweight and mobile clients. In short, Fusaka aims to keep Ethereum inclusive: anyone can still run a validator or node without rare hardware, even as capacity grows.
Fusaka Upgrade’s Effects on ETH Supply, Demand, Staking and ETH Price
Fusaka does not change Ethereum’s issuance schedule or base token economics (no new minting rules). However, its network effects could indirectly influence ETH supply and demand over time.
ETH’s Supply
* Ethereum’s issuance remains set by the PoS protocol. As of 2025, roughly 18 million ETH (15% of supply) are staked on consensus. Upgrades like Shanghai (April 2023) allowed these staked ETH to be withdrawn, boosting liquidity.
* Fusaka itself doesn’t unlock or lock tokens. Instead, its impact on “effective supply” depends on network usage: more on-chain activity means more fee burning. If Fusaka successfully brings rollup data on-chain, it could increase base-layer transactions and burn more ETH each block.
* Fidelity analysts note that by expanding layer-1 capacity, Fusaka could channel more value (fees) to ETH holders, partially offsetting issuance.
* Conversely, cheaper throughput may attract usage that would have stayed off-chain, shifting demand back onto ETH. In essence, supply is unchanged mechanically, but a busier network can raise the net burn rate.
ETH Demand and Staking
* By making Ethereum faster and cheaper to use, Fusaka is likely to boost demand in the long term. Layer-2 projects may choose to post directly on Ethereum rather than external data layers, bringing more economic activity to ETH.
* Institutional and retail users have already shown strong demand: as of late 2025, ETH price broke all-time highs ($4,945 in Aug 2025) on waves of ETF inflows and corporate purchases.
* U.S. spot ETH ETFs attracted $10.75 billion in net inflows by Sept 2025, and ETH exchange reserves hit cycle lows. These trends suggest demand may continue rising, especially if Fusaka successfully ratchets up network capacity.
* For staking, bigger block capacity and more fees could translate into slightly higher rewards for validators, reinforcing staking incentives.
* Notably, Pectra (May 2025) had raised the validator cap to 2,048 ETH, encouraging large stakes; Fusaka’s emphasis on profitability may further attract validators.
ETH Price Behavior
* Historically, Ethereum upgrades have led to short-lived volatility but not guaranteed long-term price gains. In the run-up to Fusaka, ETH briefly rallied above $3,000 (a 5% jump) as market sentiment turned positive.
* However, analysts caution that macro factors (ETF inflows, Bitcoin moves, economic news) often dominate price action. Phemex notes that “ETH’s price remains volatile ” and that previous upgrades (like Pectra) produced “mixed price impacts.”
* Similarly, some investors feared Shanghai’s staking unlock would pressure prices, but withdrawals were gradual (e.g. 2.4 billion worth of ETH could only exit over months). The consensus is that Fusaka’s technical benefits are positive for Ethereum’s fundamentals, but ETH price after upgrade will still depend on broader market demand and sentiment.
* In the longer term, if Fusaka truly enhances Ethereum’s throughput and economics, it could bolster confidence and adoption, which tends to support price. But any short-term “sell the news” dip is possible, as always with major hard forks.
Ethereum has faced volatility over the past month, falling 24.28% in the last 30 days.
However, the altcoin has managed to reclaim the $3,000 level. On the daily chart, ETH remains confined within a descending triangle.
According to CCN analyst Victor Olanrewaju, the latest price action indicates that Ethereum has bounced off key support near $2,781, suggesting that buyers are still defending this area.
Despite the rebound, ETH’s price has not yet broken above the triangle’s resistance line.
A successful breakout will require stronger buying pressure. Encouragingly, the Money Flow Index (MFI) is trending upwards, indicating that buying volume is gradually increasing.
Still, the MFI has not crossed above the zero signal line. If the MFI flips positive and momentum accelerates, Ethereum’s price may finally breach overhead resistance and target $3,535.
Adding to the potential, Ethereum is also on the verge of breaking above the 20-day Exponential Moving Average (EMA). A daily close above this EMA would provide further confirmation of bullish structure.
ETH/USD Daily Chart | Credit: TradingView
However, the outlook hinges on sustained demand. If buying pressure weakens before the breakout completes, Ethereum may struggle to move higher.
In a bearish scenario, ETH could retrace, potentially falling below $2,500 as sellers regain control.
Fusaka Vs. Past Ethereum Upgrades
Ethereum’s evolution has unfolded through a series of major upgrades, each addressing a key layer of the network: consensus, staking, scalability, and data efficiency.
From the Merge’s shift to proof-of-stake to Dencun’s proto-danksharding, every stage laid groundwork for the next. Fusaka builds directly on these foundations, marking a new phase focused on scaling Ethereum’s data capacity, optimizing costs, and preparing for mainstream adoption.
The Merge (Sep 2022)
* Ethereum’s switch from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake was a foundational change. It cut the network’s energy use by 99.9% and slashed ETH issuance by roughly 90%, since mining rewards were replaced by a minimal staking issuance.
* The Merge introduced staking as the security backbone (with 18M ETH bonded post-Merge). Its effect on ETH was mixed: issuance fell (reducing supply growth), but staking illiquidity increased temporarily.
* The upgrade set the stage for all future scaling, but did not directly improve transactions per second.
Shanghai/Capella (Apr 2023)
* This upgrade finally enabled withdrawals of staked ETH (EIP-4895) and completed the PoS transition. About 15% of ETH supply became withdrawable. Short-term, some feared a dump, but withdrawals were rate-limited and prices held roughly steady.
* Importantly, Shanghai made staking truly liquid and more capital-efficient, which encouraged more participants to stake. Post-upgrade, Ethereum’s security and liquidity profile improved: there was more ETH staking (strengthening network security) and ETH could serve as a fungible asset again.
Dencun (Mar 2024)
* Often called Deneb/Cancun, this fork introduced proto-danksharding via EIP-4844 “blobs.” Blobs are temporary data containers for rollups that are much cheaper than regular calldata.
* Dencun dramatically cut layer-2 fees – early estimates put L2 transaction costs down by 60-90%. By offloading most rollup data to blobs, it greatly improved L2 scalability without changing consensus rules or energy use.
* The trade-off was lower base-layer fee revenue (since L2 users paid blobs instead of normal gas), but overall user experience on rollups (Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, etc.) became far more affordable.
* Ethereum’s total throughput capacity leaped after Dencun, though mainnet capacity (gas limit) stayed the same.
In summary, Dencun was a game changer for data availability and L2 scaling, but it did not address the long-term limits on L1 capacity – that’s where Fusaka picks up.
How Fusaka Differs
Fusaka builds on these upgrades by expanding and improving the mechanisms introduced before.
* Unlike the Merge (which changed consensus) or Shanghai (staking flow), Fusaka mainly targets data scaling.
* Compared to Dencun, Fusaka not only allows more blob data (via PeerDAS and BPO forks) but also makes the economics more sustainable (blob fee floors). It pairs these with higher gas limits, security caps, and usability enhancements that prior forks did not.
* In that sense, Fusaka is very much a Surge-Verge-era upgrade: it pushes throughput even further (surge) while streamlining clients and blocks (purge).
* All these upgrades together (Merge, Shanghai/Capella, Dencun, Pectra, Fusaka) reflect Ethereum’s roadmap toward massively scalable, secure, and economically viable blockchain.
What’s Next for Ethereum
Short-Term: After Fusaka → Glamsterdam (2026)
* The next major upgrade after Fusaka is Glamsterdam , targeted for 2026. It will continue Ethereum’s work on scalability, performance, and long-term efficiency.
* Building on Fusaka’s improvements, like blob scaling, PeerDAS, and gas tuning, Glamsterdam aims to further increase throughput while keeping decentralization and validator accessibility intact.
Medium-Term Phases: Ethereum’s Roadmap — Surge → Verge → Purge → Splurge
The below phases complete Ethereum’s evolution into a high-performance, efficient, and user-friendly blockchain, capable of supporting global-scale applications without sacrificing decentralization.
Technical Expectations
* Layer-2 scaling: Rollups will post more data at lower cost, speeding up apps and reducing fees.
* Lighter node operations: Future upgrades will cut disk usage and sync time, allowing more users to run full nodes.
* Developer experience: New EVM opcodes and cryptographic features will simplify smart contract design.
* Sustainable growth: Emphasis shifts from raw throughput to stability, decentralization, and economic balance.
Strategic Direction: Toward a Sustainable Ethereum
Ethereum’s roadmap now emphasizes efficiency, accessibility, and value alignment. The goal is to maintain decentralization while increasing capacity and usability.
As activity grows, validators and stakers capture more network value through fees and burns, reinforcing long-term sustainability and incentives.
What It Means for the Ecosystem
* Users and developers: Faster, cheaper, and more consistent layer-2 experiences.
* Validators and node operators: Lower hardware needs, easier participation, stronger network health.
* Investors and ETH holders: More usage and fee burning may support long-term value growth.
In essence, Ethereum’s next stage is about refinement, turning its powerful technology into a mature, seamless, and enduring ecosystem ready for mainstream scale.
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