2025 will go down in history as a memorable year for the Ministry of Defence, as the ‘Year of Reforms’ not only witnessed the nation making unprecedented strides to achieve the goal of Aatmanirbharta in defence, it also saw the unmatched valour, commitment and precision of the Armed Forces during Operation Sindoor powered by the country’s transitional shift in its policy against terrorism. From successfully destroying terror camps in Pakistan & PoK and safeguarding the borders from the neighbouring country’s misdeeds that followed, the nation, under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the guidance of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh, sent a clear message to its adversaries that the sovereignty, unity & integrity of Bharat will never be compromised. The effective use of state-of-the-art Made-in-India weapons during the operation is testimony to the progress the country has made to attain self-reliance, which, in today’s geopolitical landscape, is fundamental to ensuring strategic autonomy. From Operation Sindoor to Mission Sudarshan Charka vision of PM Modi, from record defence production and exports to equipping the soldiers with latest weapons/technologies and finalising deals for the future, 2025 gave a glimpse of a secure, self-reliant and prosperous India.
The operation was launched on the intervening night of May 06 & 07, 2025, in response to a heinous terrorist attack in Pahalgam, J&K, that claimed the lives of 26 innocent people, including a Nepali citizen, on April 22, 2025. The well-coordinated strikes carried out by the Indian Armed Forces precisely hit nine terrorist camps in Pakistan and PoK, killing over 100 terrorists, their trainers, handlers, and associates. Most of the terrorists belonged to organisations like Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Taiba, and Hizbul Mujahideen. The operation inflicted maximum damage on the terrorists and their hideouts, and minimum harm to the civilian population. In his address in Parliament on July 28 & 29, 2025, Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh stated that the action was completely in self-defence, and was neither provocative nor expansionist.
On May 10, 2025 at approx. 1:30 am, Pakistan launched a massive attack on Indian Air Force bases, Army ammunition depots, airports, and military cantonments using missiles, drones, rockets, and other long-range weapons, along with electronic warfare technologies. The Indian Air Defence System, Counter-Drone system, and electronic equipment completely thwarted the attack by Pakistan. The adversary failed to hit any targets, and none of the vital assets were damaged. India’s response to this Pakistani attack was bold, decisive, and effective. The Indian Air Force targeted Pakistani airbases, command and control centers, military infrastructure, and air defence systems on the Western Front. Major airbases like Chaklala, Sargodha, Rafiqui, Rahimyar Khan, Jacobabad, Sukkur, and Bholari were struck, and the mission was successfully accomplished. On May 10, Pakistan’s DGMO contacted India’s DGMO and appealed for a halt to military operations. On May 12, formal talks took place between the two DGMOs, and both sides decided to cease military operations.
Operation Sindoor marked a milestone in India’s journey towards technological self-reliance in military operations – whether in drone warfare, layered air defence, or electronic warfare. It was also a shining example of Tri-service coordination. While the Indian Air Force launched attacks from the air, the Army soldiers stood firmly on the Line of Control and delivered a befitting reply to every Pakistani action. The Indian Navy maintained its strong posture in the North Arabian Sea, sending a clear message to Pakistan that India is capable and prepared to strike at every vital Pakistani base, from sea to land, Raksha Mantri had said. He told the Parliament that Operation Sindoor has only been halted, and not ended. “If Pakistan again tries to carry out any nefarious act, we are fully prepared for an even more intense and decisive action,” he said.
In his address to the nation from the ramparts of Red Fort on Independence Day 2025, PM Modi described Operation Sindoor as a demonstration of the country’s defence self-reliance and strategic autonomy. Using Made-in-India weapons, the operation dismantled terror networks and Pakistan-based infrastructure, signaling a new era where India will no longer accept nuclear blackmail or threats on foreign terms, he had added.
While the Prime Minister urged Indian innovators and youth to develop jet engines within India, ensuring that future defence technology is entirely home-grown and self-reliant, he announced the launching of Mission Sudarshan Chakra aimed at neutralising enemy defence infiltrations and enhancing India’s offensive capabilities. Akin to the legendary Shri Krishna’s Sudarshan Chakra, this mission underscores India’s commitment to strategic autonomy, ensuring rapid, precise, and powerful responses to any threat. The initiative is designed to enhance rapid, precise, and powerful defence responses, reinforcing India’s strategic autonomy. All public places will be covered by an expanded nationwide security shield by 2035, ensuring comprehensive protection for the nation while showcasing India’s commitment to self-reliant defence.
The annual defence production soared to a record high figure of Rs 1.51 lakh crore in Financial Year 2024-25. The milestone represents a robust 18% growth over the previous fiscal’s output of Rs 1.27 lakh crore, and a staggering 90% increase since FY 2019-20, when the figure was Rs 79,071 crore. Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and other PSUs accounted for approx 77% of total production, while the private sector contributed 23%. The share of the private sector, which increased from 21% in FY 2023-24 to 23% in FY 2024-25, reflects the sector’s growing role in the defence ecosystem of the country. A target has been set to increase defence manufacturing to Rs 3 lakh crore by 2029.
Defence exports touched an all-time high figure of Rs 23,622 crore in FY 2024-25. A growth of Rs 2,539 crore or 12.04% was registered over the defence exports figures of FY 2023-24, which were Rs 21,083 crore. The private sector and DPSUs contributed with Rs 15,233 crore and Rs 8,389 crore respectively, whereas the corresponding figures for FY 2023-24 were Rs 15,209 crore and Rs 5,874 crore respectively. The defence exports target for 2029 has been set to Rs 50,000 crore.
Ministry of Defence has been allocated Rs 6.81 lakh crore in the Union Budget 2025-26, in pursuance of PM Modi-led Government’s vision of Viksit Bharat @ 2047 with a technologically-advanced and Aatmanirbhar Armed Forces. This allocation is 9.53% more than the Budgetary Estimate of FY 2024-25 and stands at 13.45% of the Union Budget, which is the highest among the Ministries. Out of the total defence budget, Rs 1.80 lakh crore have been allocated for Capital Outlay. Approx. Rs 1.12 lakh crore i.e. 75% of modernisation budget has been earmarked for procurement through domestic sources and 25% of domestic share i.e. around Rs 28,000 crore has been provisioned for procurement through domestic private industries.
Following the declaration of 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, MoD has initiated a comprehensive review of the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 to align it with existing Government’s policies and initiatives. A Committee headed by the Director General (Acquisition) has been constituted to carry out extensive deliberations with all stakeholders. The aim of the DAP Review is to meet the operational requirements and modernisation of the Armed Forces in a timely manner to ensure national security; attain Aatmanirbharta by promoting technology infusion through indigenously designed and developed systems; Enable ‘Make in India’ by promoting defence manufacturing in India through facilitation of Joint Ventures and Transfer of Technology for the private sector, and encouraging foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers via Foreign Direct Investment alignment. The objective is to establish India as a global defence manufacturing and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul hub; and promote Design & Development in both public and private sectors, with a focus on start-ups, Innovators, and the private industry.
The Defence Procurement Manual 2025 was released by Raksha Mantri on October 23, 2025. Effective from November 01, 2025, the new manual will facilitate the revenue procurement amounting to approx. Rs 1 lakh crore by the three Services and other establishments under the Ministry of Defence. The updated manual simplifies procedures, brings uniformity in functioning and helps in providing goods & services required by the Armed Forces for operational preparedness.
3rd LCA Mk1A Production Line & 2nd HTT-40 Production Line
Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh inaugurated the third Production Line of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A and the second Production Line of Hindustan Turbo Trainer-40 (HTT-40) at the Nashik facility of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) on October 17, 2025. He also flagged-off the first LCA Mk1A produced at the facility. HAL has operationalised the third LCA Mk1A production line in a record time of two years, fully equipping it with more than 30 structure assembly jigs for all major modules of the aircraft, including Centre Fuselage, Front Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings and Air Intake. The line operates fully and can produce eight aircraft per annum. With the inauguration of the line, HAL will achieve a total production capacity of 24 aircraft per year.
HAL established the second HTT-40 production line at Nashik. The assembly complex houses structure assembly shops for manufacturing Fuselages, Wings and Control Surfaces.
In a significant push towards enhancing India’s indigenous defence capabilities and fostering a robust domestic aerospace industrial ecosystem, Raksha Mantri approved the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) Programme Execution Model. The Execution Model approach provides equal opportunities to both private and public sectors on a competitive basis. They can bid either independently or as joint venture or as consortia. The entity/bidder should be an Indian company compliant with the laws and regulations of the country. This is an important step towards harnessing the indigenous expertise, capability and capacity to develop the AMCA prototype, which will be a major milestone towards Aatmanirbharta in the aerospace sector.
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), under the chairmanship of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh, approved capital acquisition proposals worth a total of cost of over Rs 3.84 lakh crore since January 2025, to enhance the country’s defence readiness, with focus on modernisation through indigenisation.
On May 11, 2025, Raksha Mantri virtually inaugurated the BrahMos Integration and Testing Facility Centre in Lucknow, a key component of the Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor. Within five months of the inauguration, the first batch of missiles, manufactured at the facility, were flagged-off. The BrahMos facility carries out the complete process of assembly, integration, and testing to the highest technical standards. With the dispatch of its first missile consignment, Uttar Pradesh has emerged as a key partner in the national ‘Make in India, Make for the World’ initiative. The Lucknow unit is the first in the corridor to manage the entire manufacturing and testing process indigenously, reinforcing both strategic autonomy and industrial growth.
On November 10, 2025, Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSU) Bhawan at World Trade Centre, Naoroji Nagar, New Delhi. Developed by the Department of Defence Production, it serves as a common platform for all 16 DPSUs to foster collaboration, innovation and synergy under the motto ‘संगच्छध्वं संवदध्वं’ (Move together, dialogue together). Equipped with modern conference rooms, simulation facilities and an exhibition area, the Bhawan will help consolidate the strengths of the DPSUs and showcase India’s defence manufacturing capabilities to domestic and international stakeholders. After the inauguration, four DPSUs – Munitions India Limited, Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited, India Optel Limited and Hindustan Shipyard Limited – were felicitated on being granted Miniratna (Category-I) status.
The 15th edition of Asia’s biggest aero show – Aero India 2025 – was held at the Air Force Station, Yelahanka in Bengaluru, Karnataka from February 10-14, 2025. This edition continued the theme ‘The Runway to a Billion Opportunities’. It provided a platform for forging partnerships between foreign and Indian firms and the discovery of newer avenues in the global value chain to accelerate the indigenisation process. The five-day event brought together global OEMs, defence innovators, start-ups, MSMEs, armed forces representatives, and policymakers, reinforcing India’s position as a rising hub for aerospace and defence production. Defence Ministers’ Conclave, CEOs Roundtable, India Pavilion, iDEX Pavilion, Manthan, Samarthya, Bilateral meetings and seminars were aimed at strengthening defence cooperation and investments in India’s aerospace ecosystem.
Gp Capt Shubhanshu Shukla created history as he became the first Indian astronaut to travel to the International Space Station. On July 15, 2025, he landed back safely on earth, following the successful completion of his historic 18-day mission, which was launched on June 25, 2025. During his time aboard the International Space Station, Group Captain Shukla worked seamlessly with fellow members of the Axiom-4 Crew and Expedition 73, embodying India’s growing leadership in international space cooperation. He conducted pioneering experiments in microgravity on subjects such as muscle regeneration, algal and microbial growth, crop viability, microbial survivability, cognitive performance in space, and the behaviour of cyanobacteria. These studies will deepen global understanding of human spaceflight and microgravity science, and provide critical inputs for India’s future missions. This successful mission significantly elevates India’s global standing in space exploration. It is a vital stepping stone towards India’s own human spaceflight ambition, including the Gaganyaan and the Bharatiya Antariksha Station.
On October 29, 2025, Smt Droupadi Murmu took a sortie in a Rafale aircraft at Air Force Station, Ambala in Haryana, becoming the first President of India to have taken sortie in two fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force. Earlier, she took a sortie in Sukhoi 30 MKI in 2023. The President, who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, flew for approximately 30 minutes covering about 200 kilometers before returning to the Air Force Station. The aircraft was flown by Group Captain Amit Gehani, Commanding Officer of the 17 Squadron. The aircraft flew at a height of about 15000 ft above sea level and at a speed of about 700 kilometers per hour.
On December 28, 2025, President Smt Droupadi Murmu undertook a dived sortie onboard a submarine, INS Vaghsheer on Western Seaboard. During the over two-hour long sortie, the President was briefed on the role of the submarine arm in India’s maritime strategy, and the operational capabilities & contributions in safeguarding national maritime interests. The President witnessed the operational demonstrations, and interacted with the crew, commended their dedicaton, commitment & spirit of selfless service. She described the indigenous submarine as a shining example of the Indian Navy’s professional excellence, combat preparedness and unwavering commitment to national security.
Smt Droupadi Murmu is the second President to take sortie in a submarine after Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. Earlier, in November 2024, the President had witnessed an Operational Demonstration by the Indian Navy onboard the indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant.
MiG-21, the legendary fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force, was decommissioned after an illustrious service of more than six decades, in Chandigarh on September 26, 2025. The ceremony was graced by Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh. A ceremonial switch-off of six MiG-21 aircraft in front of the dignitaries marked the culmination of the aircraft’s operational service.
In a testimony to India’s emergence as a Preferred Security Partner in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), the Indian Armed Forces are providing Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR) to Cyclone Ditwah-hit regions of Sri Lanka under Operation Sagar Bandhu. Two Indian Naval Warships INS Vikrant and INS Udaygiri at Colombo delivered immediate assistance by providing relief provisions at short notice. Ship-borne helicopters were deployed for aerial recce of the affected areas and augmented ongoing Search and Rescue efforts in coordination with the Sri Lanka Navy, leading to successful rescue of Sri Lankan citizens. The assets of the Indian Air Force (IAF) were ready for launch within an hour of the requisition, and as on December 09, 2025, they have brought back home 424 Indian nationals. 335 tons of rescue & relief material, medicines, BHISHM capsules, Para Field Hospitals and Bailey Bridges have also been distributed to the affected areas. A Mi-17 helicopter rescued 264 stranded people, including persons of different nationalities, critically-injured patients, pregnant women and infants. Fifty-seven troops of the Sri Lankan Army were also airlifted to provide assistance in relief operations. 10 IAF heavy lift transport aircraft were also deployed for airlifting a complete Field Hospital with 80 Medical & Paramedical personnel, Army Engineer Task Force of 48 personnel along with 04 bailey bridges and 80 specialist personnel of NDRF. The Field Hospital has treated over 2,200 patients and the Engineer Task Force has commenced construction of the Bailey Bridges to restore the severed road connectivity. An Mi17 helicopter is still on standby in Colombo for any required assistance. The Indian Navy, in addition to the initial support deployed five more warships – an Offshore Patrol Vessel, three Landing Craft Utilities and Landing Ship Tank to augment the aid to the relief and rescue efforts. Till date, seven Indian Naval ships have delivered 1,044 tons of relief material to the affected areas.
Operation Sindoor stands as a resounding testament to India’s unwavering resolve against terrorism – a bold demonstration of decisive leadership, joint operational synergy and the nation’s intent to safeguard its sovereignty against brutal killings by Pakistan-based terrorists. With precision and professionalism, the Indian Armed Forces struck deep into the heart of Pakistan’s terror infrastructure, delivering a calibrated and decisive blow. The operation showcased unmatched multi-domain capability and was executed simultaneously across the traditional domains of land, maritime and air as well as the emerging domains of cyber, space and information warfare.
With strategic foresight and restraint of the forces, Operation Sindoor highlighted India’s sustained focus on capability development i.e., from intelligence dominance to cutting edge technology and joint operational readiness. The operation was a classic demonstration of execution of will of the nation through seamless integration of all organs of the Government. The success of home-grown technologies and weapon systems in combat was validation of the success of ‘Aatmanirbharta’.
The operations sent an unambiguous message to the world: India will not tolerate terror, and those who sponsor it will face the full force of retribution. This operation would be remembered as a defining moment in India’s military history and as a symbol of military precision and national resolve.
· Situation along Northern borders remains stable yet sensitive. After the agreement on disengagement achieved in Depsang and Demchok in 2024, 2025 witnessed reduced deployment levels of PLA both opposite the Northern borders and in traditional training areas. PLA maintained 10 Combined Arms Brigade size forces each in tactical/ operational depth opposite the Northern borders and in training areas. The overall BMP pattern remained unchanged from 2024. The deployment of Indian Army in all sectors along the LAC is robust, well poised and prepared to deal with any emerging contingency.
· Own defence preparedness has been enhanced with infusion of new generation equipment and deployment of newly created force multipliers of Rudra Brigades, Divyastra Batteries & Bhairav Battalions along the Northern borders. The Northern borders also witnessed significant improvement of infrastructure, connectivity and billeting in all sectors.
· Bilateral interaction between India and China at political, diplomatic and military levels have facilitated positive developments and stabilisation on the Northern borders. Own military actions are calibrated and the approach is to respond to PLA activities with an aim to achieve peace and tranquillity adhering to the principle of ‘Mutual and Equal’ security.
· During the year, various channels of communication were effectively utilised to address mutual concerns along the Line of Actual Control. The year witnessed renewed engagement with 33rd and 34th round of Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) meeting in Mar & Jul 2025 respectively followed by 24th round of Special Representatives (SR) Talks on 19 Aug 2025 at New Delhi. The positive developments in bilateral relationship between both countries was further reinforced during Hon’ble PM’s visit to China for SCO Summit in Tianjin in Aug 2025. The constructive discourse of relations was also reflected during the 23rd Corps Commander Level Meet (Senior Highest Military Commander Level Meet) conducted in Western Sector (Eastern Ladakh) on 25-26 Oct 2025. At ground level, Border Personnel Meetings continued with the PLA in all sectors in a cordial and friendly environment to resolve issues of concern.
· The security situation in J&K remains firmly under control due to the relentless efforts of Indian Army. Awaam has chosen to follow the path of development and has been actively participating in large numbers in all government & Indian Army run initiatives. The ‘Whole of Nation Approach’ has resulted in reduction in violence levels, scaled down protests and zero incidents of stone pelting. After the DGMO talks on 10 & 12 May 2025, the situation remains stable though unpredictable. However, there has been an increase in Pakistan attempts to surreptitiously infiltrate terrorists through the LC & IB Sect.
· Pakistan attempted to activate Poonch-Rajouri region as a hotbed for proxy war during the year 2023-24. Therefore, own deliverables for year 2025 were clearly defined in terms of maintaining robust anti-infiltration grid, relentless conduct of operations in mid & higher reaches to dislocate/ neutralise terrorists and reduce local recruitment of cadres by creating a conducive environment for development.
· Security situation in hinterland continues to witness consistent improvement since 2019. Functionality of training camps, presence of terrorists in launch pads and continuing infiltration attempts substantiate persistent Pak’s intent to prosecute a proxy war strategy. Significant efforts are being made by Pak to exploit the IB sector not only to smuggle weapons and narcotics using drones but also to infiltrate large strength of terrorists.
· The internal security situation across the North East Region remains stable and has shown a marked improvement over the past year. Sustained efforts of the Indian Army, Assam Rifles and other security agencies through Counter lnsurgency (CI)/ Counter Terrorism (CT) operations, domination of sensitive areas and a ‘Whole of Government’ approach have reduced the violence and shrunk the residual space available for insurgent activities. Concurrent dynamic initiatives of the Government along with the impetus on connectivity, border infrastructure and socio-economic development have created a congenial environment for multi-sectoral growth in the region.
· The Army and Assam Rifles have played a pivotal role in reducing the violence levels through focused CI/ CT operations. Since Jan 2025, 26 insurgents have been neutralised, 1024 insurgents have been apprehended, 111 insurgents have surrendered and 542 weapons have been recovered. Sustained CI/CT operations by security forces have progressively denied operational space to the Insurgent Groups.
· lnternal Security Situation in Manipur has improved in 2025. President’s Rule was promulgated on 13 Feb 2025, which has facilitated better inter-agency coordination and focused approach towards ending violence in the state. The effort of the security forces remains on recovering looted weapons, opening of National Highways and executing outreach programs to restore confidence among local communities. The peaceful conduct of the Durand Cup in Imphal on Jul 2025, the Shirui Lily festival in Ukhrul between 20-24 May 2025, the renewal of Suspension of Operations with Kuki Insurgent Groups on 04 Sep 2025 and the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s visit on 13 Sep 2025 have all been strong markers of peace & stability during the year. The progress on the Jiribam – Imphal railway line is steady, and set to deliver another milestone in Manipur’s development.
· lndia-Myanmar Border (lMB) remains sensitive owing to persistent clashes between the Myanmar Army and Resistance Forces across the IMB resulting in an influx of 44,298 Myanmar nationals. lndian security forces have ensured that the North East Region remains insulated from the instability radiating from Myanmar. This has been achieved through enhanced surveillance, strengthened intelligence network and proactive border domination. Continuous engagement with Myanmar Army and local communities has further contributed towards maintaining stability along the IMB.
· A total of 791 drone intrusions (nine incidents along IB in J&K and 782 incidents along IB in Punjab/ Rajasthan) were reported during this year. Effective employment of own spoofers & jammers along the Western front significantly countered the drone threat. During the ibid period, 237 drones were brought down by own forces along IB Sector (five drones with War Like Stores, 72 drones with narcotics & 161 drones without any payload).
· Concerted efforts are being made towards development of critical infrastructure including roads, bridges, tunnels, aviation bases in forward areas with enhanced focus towards Northern borders. A total 470 roads of approx. 27,300km are planned to be constructed in border areas as part of BRO perspective planning. Over last five years, BRO has been granted a financial outlay of approx. ₹23,625 Cr by the MoD for execution of GS roads which has enabled construction of approximately 4,595km length of roads in forward areas. Considerable progress has been achieved in establishment of forward connectivity especially along the Northern borders. For the current period approx. 1,125km of road construction has been achieved.
· Various actions have been initiated for enhancing BRO road construction capability. This includes reforms in DPR preparation, modernisation of equipment, incorporation of latest technology, invigorating EPC mode of execution, expediting statutory clearances and cadre review of the organisation.
· Development of Trans-Kashmir Connectivity for an approx. length of 717 Km from Poonch – Tristar – Banali – Sadhna Pass – P Gali – Z Gali – SPG – Razdhan – Gurez – Kaobal Gali – Sonamarg has been endorsed for development to NHDL (Paved Shoulders) specifications with tunnels proposed at Sadhna Pass, P Gali, Z Gali and Razdhan Pass. The project will be executed phase wise by BRO through MoD(GS) funding. Development of the same will provide forward, inter-sector and inter-valley connectivity.
· All-weather connectivity to strategically critical areas along Northern borders is an imperative for national security paradigm. Seven tunnels were identified and In Principle Approval has been accorded by Cabinet Secretariat in Nov 2024 for preparation of DPR by BRO. Once constructed, these will augment mobility of own forces by provisioning all weather connectivity thereby obviating winter stocking, minimise undertaking of expensive aviation operations for logistic sustenance, as also, increase footfall of tourists to remote areas.
· Due impetus is also being imparted for infrastructure development in the Siliguri Corridor. Measures to provide redundancy to the existing Lines of Communication in the Corridor are underway in consultation with MoRTH. Necessary approvals for de-congestion of the corridor have been accorded and estimates are under preparation. In addition, construction of infrastructure for Force Preservation and the Command Control elements are under progress.
· Comprehensive infrastructure development is being undertaken to facilitate the operational readiness of armed forces. Projects includes troop habitat, troop comfort amenities and technical infrastructure to support the operations of equipment and stores inducted in forward areas. Enhancing forward connectivity to remote border areas through construction of foot tracks, operational tracks and helipads is one of the key focus areas. Impetus has been imparted towards construction of force preservation infrastructure to facilitate the battle readiness of troops deployed in remote inaccessible areas.
· Jointness and Integration: Operation Sindoor has aptly highlighted that jointness is the need of the hour. Complete theaterisation is imperative to meet future challenges and pave way for seamless synergy between the Services. Jointness and integration, being integral aspects of operational philosophy for Indian Army, have been emphasised upon by the Prime Minister. With accomplishment of 29% deliverables and completion of 35% Joint Doctrines, time has come to achieve all Jointness and Integration initiatives in a timely manner. The cross-linkages with sister Services are being nurtured so as to aggregate our capacities and capabilities. The initiatives, in congruence with the contemporary challenges and operational imperatives for joint and integrated structures for execution of Multi Domain Operations, continue in the right earnest to extract optimum benefits. An integration roadmap has been prepared and the same has been presented to Raksha Mantri. The integration initiatives are focused on operational readiness to include capability development, maintenance, administration, Human Resource Management and legal aspects. Jointness and integration is not only restricted to the three Services, sustained outreach to other Government agencies & departments is also ongoing to aggregate capacities and capabilities. In addition, global outreach to imbibe best practices and collaboration on security issues is also underway.
· Biannual joint amphibious exercise with Indian Navy, AMPHEX-2025 was conducted between 12-31 Jan 2025 at Vizag and Karwar. One Infantry Battalion Group including a Mechanised Platoon ex-Southern Command participated in the exercise.
· Tri-Services Exercise was successfully conducted from November 03 to 13, 2025 under the aegis of the Indian Navy. Approx. 30,000 troops of Indian Army deployed in Gujarat & Rajasthan Sector participated in the exercise for enhanced coordination, integrated response and interoperability. It culminated with capstone exercise including amphibious operation on 13 Nov 2025 at Madhavpur Beach (Porbandar) along the Gujarat Coast.
· The Combined Commanders’ Conference 2025, with the theme ‘Year of Reforms-Transforming for the Future’, was held at HQ Eastern Command, Kolkata from 15-17 Sep 2025 under the aegis of HQ IDS with Indian Army as the lead Service. The event was inaugurated by the Prime Minister, wherein he highlighted the need for technological self-reliance and indigenous defence manufacturing. The discussions with Raksha Mantri focused on jointness, interoperability, technology driven warfare and reforms in key domains namely Space, Cyber and Special operations. The CDS stressed on continuous reforms to keep Indian defence forces agile, self-reliant and future ready amid global security challenges. CCC 2025 concluded with the release of a Joint Military Space Doctrine and a roadmap to make Indian Armed Forces more integrated, agile and technologically advanced to face multi-domain threats.
Tri-Service All Women Circumnavigation Sailing Expedition
· On 11 Sep 2025, a ‘Tri-Services All Women Circumnavigation Sailing Expedition’ comprising a 10 member crew (05 Indian Army, 04 Indian Air Force & 01 Indian Navy) was flagged off from the iconic Gateway of India at Mumbai in the virtual mode by Raksha Mantri. Between Sep 2025 to Jun 2026, the crew will cover approximately 25,000 nm while circumnavigating the planet.
· Based on ‘lead service’ concept, JSTIs are being established to carry out training of all three Services personnel at a single establishment in select domains. IA is the lead in four JSTI’s i.e., Chemical Biological Radiological & Nuclear (CBRN), Intelligence, Law & Music. Six JSTIs are in the process of being formulated. All four JSTIs which are under IA have already been institutionalised and have started conducting courses.
Capability Development, Modernisation and Aatmanirbharta
· To address any capability void and induct niche technology, special provision for two tranches of Emergency Procurements have been accorded in the year 2025. 13 schemes worth Rs 1,958.80 crore were contracted for strengthening the existing Counter Insurgency/ Counter Terrorism grid. In consideration of ongoing operational concerns, sanction for emergency procurement in the niche technology domains of Drone/ Counter Drone, Weapon systems, Precision Ammunition, Electronic Warfare Systems, Surveillance Systems etc was accorded. A total of 29 capability development schemes have already been contracted and another 16 schemes are likely to be contracted in Dec 2025.
· IA has laid down a clear roadmap as part of the Aatmanirbharta Vision, wherein ammunition procurement under ‘Manufacture of Ammunition for IA by Indian industry’ for long term requirement of 10 years is in progress to establish minimum one indigenous source for all types of ammunition. Through concerted and proactive efforts and in close coordination with other agencies, 159 out of 175 (nearly 91%) ammunition variants have been indigenised.
· Emergency Procurement In the wake of Op Sindoor, Emergency Procurement Powers were extended to the defence forces. The details with respect to IA are as under:
Ø Emergency Powers Revenue 2025: Total ceiling of procurement under Emergency Power Revenue is Rs 9,100 crore. Out of this, Rs 1,680 crore has been allocated to Field Army for procurement of equipment/ stores to enhance operational capability. Balance Rs 7,420 crore is being utilised for Central Procurement. As on 10 Nov 2025, complete budget for Emergency Power Revenue 2025 has been utilised. 78% of the budget in Central Procurement has been utilised for the procurement of ammunition, whereas 80% of the budget for Field Formations has been utilised to build Drone, Counter Drone and strike capability by acquiring Loiter Ammunition/ Kamikaze drones.
Ø Emergency Procurement VI Capital 2025: 58 schemes have been planned for Emergency Procurement VI Capital 2025. A total of 29 schemes, out of which 19 domestic schemes worth Rs 4,577.33 crore and 10 foreign schemes worth Rs 2,496.90 crore (total Rs 7,074.24 crore) have been concluded.
Ø The expenditure on foreign procurement is diminishing steadily and for the FY 2025-26, the ratio of domestic versus foreign payment assigned by MoD (Finance) to IA is 87:13. IA is likely to achieve the stipulated targets. Details of indigenisation with effect from FY 2021-22 to FY 2024-25 are tabulated below:-
· 32 variants of ammunition have been offered to the Indian Industry for long term contracts under ‘Manufacturing of Ammunition for IA by Indian Industry, a Government of India Initiative’. These are being progressed as 12 procurement cases (clubbed based on calibre/ platform) amounting to ₹ 15,899 Crore. Four cases worth ₹5,696 Cr have been placed with DPSUs & Private players and balance cases are at advance stages of evaluation and likely to fructify during the next six to twelve months. Most of these ammunition are likely to be indigenised by 2027-28.
· IA has a clear roadmap as part of the Aatmanirbharta vision for 10 years. In the Phase-I (2025-26), indigenisation (including private industry) for all import dependent ammunition for major platforms is underway for a total of 32 variants amounting to ₹15,899 Cr. In Phase-II (2026-27), five additional ammunition have been identified for production through Indian Industry to expand vendor base and secure stock affected by supply chain disruption. In Phase-III (2027 onwards), the experience and expertise gained in first two Phases would provide the requisite wherewithal in terms of infrastructure and technology, laying the foundation for indigenous development of next generation of hi-tech ammunition based on indigenous R&D in niche technology and Indian IPR for the world market. The aim of the Aatmanirbhar project is to build up ammunition stocks to desired levels, minimise imports and achieve self-sufficiency in the country as also establish at least two sources for each type of ammunition, obtain critical technologies and set up manufacturing infrastructure and capability.
· IA has a large inventory of ammunition, currently comprising 175 scaled in-service variants ranging from ammunition for vintage platforms to advance precision guided munitions. Through concerted efforts and close coordination with DRDO, DPSUs and Private Industry, 159 ammunition variants (90.85%) have been indigenised and are being sourced from indigenous source (single source – 110 and more than one source – 49).
· Indigenisation of Special Clothing & Mountaineering Equipment (SCME), authorised to troops deployed in areas with temperatures ranging from -200 to 500C, has been a key focus area of IA. Post embargo on import purchase in Dec 2021, the procurement of ex-import items has ceased and indigenisation is being pursued on war footing through a number of initiatives. There are total of 57 items authorised as part of SCME, out of which 53 have been indigenised and balance four are at an advanced stage of trials and indigenisation that is likely to be achieved by end 2026.
· Mission SWAYAT Experiment: Autonomous Weapon System (AWS) is a military technology that can select and engage targets without direct human intervention. With an aim to undertake development of indigenous AWS with desired lethal payload and appropriate human control, mission SWAYAT experiment was conducted from 23-25 Apr 2025 at Babina Field Firing Range to evaluate indigenous capability in AWS and to evolve a roadmap for its induction.
· Manufacturing of Drones: 515 Army Base Workshop and select Corps Z Workshops/ EME Battalions have established credible drone manufacturing capability using in-house expertise and collaboration with Subject Matter Experts (SME). The facilities are state-of-the-art, which meet the quality requirements of drones. A total of 819 drones (Surveillance-193, Kamikaze/ Armed/Weaponised-337, First Pilot View-289) have been manufactured till date by EME units.
· Digitisation and Automation: Towards enhancing operational efficiency through real time data analysis and autonomous systems, IA is making headway in AI driven decision-making tools such as ‘AI based preventive maintenance of IA Equipment and demand forecast of spares’, AI Model in Transport and Road Space Management and AI based supply chain mapping system.
· Military Diplomacy: Major Joint Exercises with FFCs from Jan-Nov 2025 are tabulated below :-
Structured Engagements: As on date, IA engages with armies of 19 countries through Staff Talks. So far, Army level talks have been conducted with following countries in year 2025:
Contributions towards United Nations Peacekeeping
· So far, India has participated in 53 out of 72 UN Peacekeeping Missions and has contributed over 2,97,000 personnel till date. 164 IA Peacekeepers have made supreme sacrifice defending the UN mandate. India’s approach to Peacekeeping is guided by the 5S as enunciated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister i.e. Samman (Respect), Samvaad (Communication), Sahyog (Cooperation), Samridhi (Prosperity) and Shanti (Peace).
· Presently, IA has deployed approximately 5,000 military personnel with five Infantry Battalions and 11 Formed Units apart from Staff Officers/ Military Observers across 10 UN missions in DRC, South Sudan, Abyei, Western Sahara, Central African Republic, Addis Ababa, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Cyprus. However, due to ongoing financial liquidity crisis in UN and reduction in strength of personnel, the strength will reduce to approximately 4,100 uniformed personnel. To ameliorate the suffering of women and children in the conflict zone, Female Engagement Teams (FETs), Women Psychological Counsellors and Military Nursing Service (MNS) officers have been deployed to various missions. Trained Yoga instructors also form part of the contingent to conduct Yoga for peacekeepers and the local population.
· Indian Army despite its operational commitments has always been at the forefront in providing HADR to the nation in disaster affected areas. In the year 2025, Indian Army deployed 141 Columns including Engineer Task Forces in more than 80 locations in 10 states, during which 28,293 nationals were rescued, medical aid was provided to approximately 7,318 and relief material distributed to over 2,617 nationals. Major relief operations were undertaken under Op Brahma in Myanmar (Mar 2025), Dharali rescue operations, Uttarakhand (Aug 2025), Dimapur floods (Jul 2025), flood relief operations in Chisot/ Kishtwar district in J&K (Aug 2025) and Pooh, Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh.
· The Indian Army is strongly committed to the vision of ‘Viksit Bharat @ 2047’ and undertakes ‘Military Civic Action Projects’ under Op Sadbhavana in remote border areas. With an annual budget of ₹ 150 Crores, Op Sadbhavana also contributes to the ‘Vibrant Villages’ programme of the Government and remains focussed on infrastructure development, education, healthcare and human resource development for remote locations including those along our borders.
· Territorial Army units have been deployed to provide a safe and secure environment for construction of the Railway Mega Project in Manipur. Owing to the presence of the TA troops, the project has progressed at a very fast pace with regular train service till Khongsang (Manipur). The project is likely to be completed by 2027.
· The Indian Army has been a key player in promoting women empowerment, reflecting the nation’s commitment to gender fairness and inclusivity. Over the years, the Army has broken longstanding barriers, providing women with opportunities to serve in various roles that were previously restricted. Through policy reforms, leadership opportunities, and strategic inclusion, the IA is actively fostering an environment where women can excel and lead. To ensure a gender-neutral future, it is essential to ensure that the feeder institutes are prepared to meet the imminent vacancies arising due to the expansion of role of women in Armed forces. 10% seats have been reserved for girls in all 33 Sainik Schools across India with effect from academic year 2021-22. Girl students have also been allowed in Rashtriya Military Schools with effect from academic session 2022-23 to act as feeder for officer cadet entry into National Defence Academy. 120 vacancies per year for women officer cadets have been earmarked in Officers Training Academy.
· The IA is actively promoting women to leadership positions, giving them opportunities to command and lead. Women officers are being considered and appointed to command roles of units/ battalions, a critical benchmark of leadership in the army. 119 women officers have been entrusted with the onerous responsibility of commanding Army units.
· The IA has seen a steady increase in the number of women reaching higher ranks, such as Lt Gen Sadhna Saxena Nair, VSM as DGMS (Army) and in ranks of Lieutenant Colonels and Colonels, and contributing to critical strategic and operational decisions. Women officers have tenanted the top four posts of AFMS, a testimony to the gender empowering approach of AFMS. The Army Postal Service is being headed by a women Maj Gen.
· Equal opportunities are being afforded to women officers to appear in Staff College exam at par with their male counterparts. Women officers are also being considered for Colonel (Selection Grade) ranks and given command appointments. Since May 2021, women were inducted in Corps of Military Police as OR and, now as Agniveers. IA is also looking for broader representation of women as JCOs & OR Cadre and planning to induct women in other Arms/ Services in a gradual manner.
· In 2024, Future Career Progression Policy was promulgated for women officers empanelled in Special Selection Boards (Lt Col to Col) to meet organisational requirement and career aspirations of women officers, while maintaining operational efficiency of IA. After conduct of Special Number 3 Selection Board (Lt Col to Col), the next Selection Board (Col to Brig) will be conducted as per extant policy provisions as applicable to all officers of IA.
· Women officers being commissioned into Services with effect from 01 Sep 2025 are now undergoing a 78 weeks attachment with units of Artillery/ AAD/ Engineers/ Signals deployed in field as their male counterparts.
Roadmap to Increase Women Representation in Army
· The Army has progressively enhanced annual intake of women cadets from 80 to 144 vacancies (80% increase) in 2024. This boosts female representation in the force at the level of officers. IA is taking progressive steps to increase the participation of women, while maintaining combat effectiveness. Commissioning of approximately 8,100 women officers in Arms & Services have been approved by the study of ‘Emp of Women Officers in IA’ in 2023. Selection process for JAG Special Entry Scheme will start from 2026 onwards.
The Indian Navy continued its strident and purposeful drive towards Aatmanirbharta and capability development with commissioning of 12 ships/submarines and delivery of a number of Yardcraft in 2025. The Navy’s robust proactive deployment during Op Sindoor cowered the PN fleet to operate close to its shores. Lessons learnt from operations/major tactical joint exercises and ongoing conflicts have led to a number of doctrinal and concept of operations revisions/updates as well as updating the technology induction philosophy. The capstone doctrinal document of the Navy – the Indian Maritime Doctrine – was revised and publicly released. The IN continues to steer the course to be combat ready, credible, cohesive and future ready.
With over 177 ships/ submarine having been built and commissioned in India to date, the Navy continues to propel the domestic shipbuilding industry’s growth by supporting self-reliance in defence manufacturing. The Indian Navy remains the key pillar that supports the growth of Indian shipbuilding sector, with all 52 warships planned to be inducted in the Navy being built in India, orders for 75 more ships and submarines being in the final stages of approval, and steadfast focus on achieving higher indigenisation content across weapons, sensors and equipment.
A total of 12 ships have been delivered this year, as follows:
A total of five warships have been launched this year, as follows:
A total of three Yardcraft have been delivered this year, as follows:
Indian Navy’s capstone biennial Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX-25) was conducted from Jan – Mar 25. The three-month long exercise was conducted in multiple phases, both in harbour and at sea, integrating various facets of combat operations, cyber and electronic warfare operations, live weapon drills during the Joint Work up Phase and Amphibious Exercise. Multiple ships, submarines, aircraft, ICG ships, IAF aircraft and Indian Army troops participated in the exercise. The exercise was aimed at validating Indian Navy’s core warfighting skills, and ensuring a synchronised, integrated response to preserve and protect national maritime security interests in a contested maritime environment. The exercise construct also included assessing the operational, material & logistics preparedness of Indian Navy as part of Exercise Taiyaar.
Salient points from Indian Navy’s major operational deployments are as follows:
The major milestones and contracts concluded for indigenisation projects under various schemes are enumerated below:
DFPDS-2021 provisions under R&D Head are being effectively utilised to engage with industry and academia and leverage their potential to develop products and to undertake problem solving. IN is working on a number of projects with industry, IITs and academic institutes of repute. A total of 154 cases are being progressed by various professional directorates at NHQ and units at Command level. 89 contracts amounting to Rs 112.63 Cr have already been concluded.
Implementation of GoI Initiative – Digital India
The IAF remained fully committed to enhancing aerospace power while acquitting itself with flying colours during Op Sindoor that demonstrated its all-round capability to decisively shape military outcomes with precision and speed. Mindful of ongoing technology revolution, IAF has focussed on innovation and adaptability while adhering to the principle of ‘Train Like We Fight’, emphasising inter-Service cooperation and joint planning. Successful integration and exploitation of new systems, weapons and equipment is testament to the IAF’s sustained focus on logistics, maintenance and Aatmanirbharta.
Radars were deployed for active monitoring of Indian airspace. ORPs by fighters were manned round the clock. Additionally, ORP by transport aircraft and helicopters were also maintained to tackle unusual air activity (slow mover). Air Defence operations witnessed a substantial increase during the months of Apr and May 25 and the details are as under:
Large scale Anti-Naxal operations were undertaken by IAF helicopters in South Bastar (localized to Koragattalu hills) between 21 Apr to 10 May 25. During the ops, IAF airlifted 2609 troops, 158 tons of load and 18 casualties. The helicopter operations proved to be a lifeline for ground action by Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) that involved elimination of 31 Naxals. Critical supplies in terms of ammunition, food and water were delivered to the troops right at the Naxal infested hills. Insertion and extraction of troops were undertaken concurrently. Safe and effective operations from forward areas to ground zero contributed significantly to the success of CAPFs in these operations.
MoU with 13 banks has been signed for upgraded additional benefits under ‘Defence Salary Package’ (DSP) Bank accounts held by Air Warriors, NCs(E), Agniveervayu, Air Veterans, Veer Naris and families. Special drive was launched to convert normal Savings Bank account into DSP account. Few banks have upgraded the features in DSP account like air accident insurance death cover, personal accident insurance cover, permanent and partial disability cover, education benefits for dependent children of deceased, air ambulance facility, marriage of girl child, medical checkup and medical insurance etc.
HQ IDS put in concerted efforts in strengthening jointness and integration among the defence forces. In particular, lessons learnt from ongoing Op Sindoor and various exercises were analysed and implemented/ being progressed for implementation. Particular mention is made of a number of foundational initiatives taken to enhance jointness and integration that include promulgation of eight new Joint Doctrines/ Manuals, issuance of a number of Joint Orders/ Instructions for compliance by all defence forces, promulgation of Defence Procurement Manual 2025, impetus to Multi Domain Operations (MDO) with enhanced focus on cyber & space domains, and infusing greater synergy of defence forces with academia and industry (including MSMEs).
197 initiatives have been identified to enhance jointness and integration under the verticals of Operations and Intelligence, Capability Development, Communications & IT, Op Logistics, Training, Maintenance Support, Human Resources, Admin and Legal.
Technology Perspective and Capability Roadmap 2025
TPCR-2025 outlines the technological requirements and capability roadmap of the Services covering a period of 15 years and is aimed at establishing a level playing field for both public and private sector defence industry. The document facilitates Indian defence industry to plan allocation of resources for R&D, manpower and infrastructure development in key technology areas. TPCR-2025 was released by RM during the tri-Service seminar ‘Ran Samwad’ and is hosted on MoD website.
Post implementation of the policy framework for Indian industries to design, develop and manufacture all types of military systems and platforms, collaboration with foreign industries to undertake co-development, share technologies and manufacture in India has been encouraged to meet India’s own needs and exports. Accordingly, a total of 28 global industry meetings to enhance Industry-Service alignment and facilitate joint ventures that emphasise ToT, manufacturing in India and export from India.
Op Sindoor not only showcased how victory was possible through jointness but also illustrated the need for a robust civil-military fusion for strengthening national security, imbibe niche technology and thus effectively face future challenges. A detailed study on civil military fusion has been carried out in conjunction with Think Tanks, Service HQs and concerned MoD departments.
Modernised labs have been established on Robotics, AI Hub, Drone Lab and Underwater Research Centre to enhance learning value for the students at Military Institute of Technology.
Military Diplomacy and Foreign Training/ Exercises
Visits of higher military leadership, including CDS & CISC, to Friendly Countries are enumerated below:
Visits of higher military leadership from friendly nations to India are enumerated below:
With an aim to collaborate & synergise, medical officers from various medical establishments of defence forces have been part of joint HADR exercises conducted by NDMA. These exercises are undertaken at the State/UT level with the involvement of SDRF/UTDRF & NDRF. Medical officers from co-located units/hospitals were nominated to participate in the exercises as observers. 32 HADR exercises were conducted during the period from Jan 25 to Nov 25.
Joint Doctrine/ Primers/ Publications released by HQ IDS from Jan 25 to Nov 25 are as under:
In line with the Government’s vision of improving effectiveness, Ease of Doing Business, Make in India, improving standards of living, transparency, a large number of regulatory/procedural documents have been revised. Some of the major improvements are as under:
MES is progressing implementation of several e-governance applications. In addition to existing web applications, the Chief of Army Staff has launched the following applications on 21 Aug 25:
The Indian Coast Guard (ICG), along with Indian Navy, mobilised assets and intensified surveillance along India’s Western Seaboard, strengthening coastal defence/ security and contributed to deterrence against hostile maritime threats/intent in sensitive areas. For creek sector, ICG alongwith concerned stakeholders maintained necessary surveillance/preparedness for mobilisation of ground forces.
In support of the Government’s Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the Prime Minister’s call for the ‘Swachhta Hi Seva’ campaign, the ICG organised International Coastal Cleanup Day 25 (ICC-25) across all coastal States and Union Territories on 20 Sep 25. A total of 26,092 volunteers participated nationwide, collecting 34,948 kilograms of plastic and other waste to restore and protect India’s beaches. The large-scale effort spanned 66 coastal locations across the country, reflecting a strong collective commitment to coastal cleanliness and environmental conservation
Some of the major achievements of DRDO in 2025 are as follows:
2025 had been declared as Year of Reforms in Ministry of Defence. Some of the key reforms undertaken by DRDO are the following:
‘DRDO Policy for Transfer of Technology 2025’ and compendium of ‘DRDO Products for Export 2025’ approved by Raksha Mantri were released during Aero India 2025. The detailed procedure for implementing DRDO Policy for Transfer of Technology 2025 were also formulated and released. So far, around 2,200 Licensing Agreement for Transfer of Technology have been signed with Indian industries, including around 250 in the current year. DRDO has also instituted the Industry Interaction Groups (IIGs) with provision of open houses on first and third Wednesday of every month at all Laboratories to interact with scientist for support and resolve the issues (if any) faced by industries through open houses and unresolved issues/ concerns are taken up for open house with DRDO Hqrs on last Friday of the month. DRDO has also extended support to industry by offering more than 350 specialised test facilities and same are uploaded on Defence Test Portal on internet. DRDO has also signed number of MoUs with various agencies for developing Indian Defence Industry eco-system. Total DcPP for DRDO developed System is 145 and Production Agencies are 107.
Major policy decisions, recent initiatives/achievements made during the year for the welfare of the ex-servicemen and their dependents are as follows:
SPARSH: India’s Largest Digital Pension Platform
Ensuring ‘Right Pension to the Right Pensioner at the Right Time’, System for Pension Administration – Raksha (SPARSH), a flagship Digital India initiative, has emerged as the country’s first end-to-end digital pension platform. Administered by the Defence Accounts Department (DAD) through PCDA (Pensions), Prayagraj, SPARSH has onboarded 31.69 lakh defence pensioners across India and Nepal as of November 2025. It replaces a fragmented system managed earlier by over 45,000 agencies with a unified, transparent and accountable digital framework.
Building infrastructure in the border areas has been the focus of the Government as it enhances defence preparedness through military mobility and smooth transportation of logistics, while ensuring socio-economic progress of the remote areas through increased tourism & employment opportunities. This year, Raksha Mantri has launched a total of 175 infrastructure projects of Border Roads Organisation (BRO) across a number of States/Union Territories.
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