1 | The Irish Times.Micheál Martin Meets Donald Trump in Washington: How the Day Progressed. The Irish Times. 12 March 2025. https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2025/03/12/micheal-martin-donald- trump-meeting-live-updates-ireland-washington/
2 | C. Thomas. Micheál Martin Says ‘Main Objective’ in Meeting Trump Was to Protect Economic Interests,. Business Post. 12 March 2025. https://www.businesspost.ie/politics/micheal-martin-says-main-objective- in-meeting-trump-was-to-protect-economic-interests-after-us-pre/
3 | The Parliament Magazine. Q+A: Inside the Apple Ruling: €13 Billion and a ‘Mess’ for EU Tax Law. 17 September 2024. https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/irelands-13-billion-windfall-has- the-eus-apple-ruling-unleashed-legal-chaos
4 | D. Murray. Phantom Exports Coming Back to Haunt Taoiseach Ahead of Trump Meeting. 9 March 2025. https://www.businesspost.ie/news/phantom-exports-coming-back-to-haunt-taoiseach-ahead-of- trump-meeting/; J. FitzGerald. A 145% US Tariff on China Will Hit Apple. and Ireland’s Corporation Tax. The Irish Times. 11 April 2025. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/2025/04/11/a-125-us-tariff- on-china-will-hit-apple-and-irelands-corporation-tax/
5 | D. Murray. Here’s How Ireland Is Even More Exposed to Trump’s Trade War than You Think. Business Post. 2 April 2025. https://www.businesspost.ie/analysis/ireland-may-be-more-exposed-to-trumps-trade- war-than-we-think/
6 | The Irish Times. Ireland Has Large Trade Deficit with US, New CSO Figures Show. The Irish Times. March 6. 2025. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/03/06/irish-economy-grew-more-than- estimated-in-2024/. The US-Ireland services trades surplus is directly related to the Ireland-US goods trade deficit; much of Ireland’s export trade is with Europe, while the imports related to that is with the US, this gives Ireland an overall trade deficit with the US.
7 | J. Keane. The EU Lobs €700m in Fines at Apple and Meta but Saves Most of Its Ammo, The Currency (blog). 23 April. 2025. https://thecurrency.news/articles/187329/the-eu-lobs-e700m-in-fines-at-apple-and- meta-but-saves-most-of-its-ammo/
8 | J. Keane. A Handful of Employees. Hundreds of Millions in Revenue: Behind the Scenes at Temu and Shein’s Dublin Face-Off. The Currency. 7 August 2024. https://thecurrency.news/articles/157899/a-handful- of-employees-hundreds-of-millions-in-revenue-behind-the-scenes-at-temu-and-sheins-dublin-face-off/
9 | H. Reid. Shein’s European Entity Reports 68% Sales Growth in 2023. Reuters. 4 November 2024. sec. Retail & Consumer. https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/sheins-european-entity-reports-68- sales-growth-2023-2024-11-04/
10 | DW. Why China’s Temu and Shein Are a Big Regulatory Headache. dw.com. 22 February 22 2025. https:// http://www.dw.com/en/temu-shein-chinas-low-price-platforms-are-a-big-headache-for-us-and-eu/a-71535422
11 | N. Lomas. Shein Hit with Consumer Protection Action in EU as Bloc Unboxes Strategy to Tackle Low- Cost e-Commerce Risks. TechCrunch (blog). 5. February 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/05/shein- hit-with-consumer-protection-action-in-eu-as-bloc-unboxes-strategy-to-tackle-low-cost-ecommerce-risks/; N. Lomas. Shein Gets More Questions from EU about DSA Compliance. TechCrunch (blog). 6 February 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/06/shein-gets-more-questions-from-eu-about-dsa-compliance/\ uc0\u8221{} {\i{}TechCrunch} (blog
12 | Data Protection Commission. Irish Data Protection Commission Fines TikTok €530 Million and Orders Corrective Measures Following Inquiry into Transfers of EEA User Data to China. Data Protection Commission. 2 May 2025. https://www.dataprotection.ie/news-media/latest-news/irish-data-protection- commission-fines-tiktok-eu530-million-and-orders-corrective-measures-following; Christine Grahn. Our Response to the Irish Data Protection Commission Decision on Data Transfers. TikTok. May 2. 2025. https:// newsroom.tiktok.com; TikTok Fined 530 Million Euros by EU Regulator over Data Protection. Reuters. 2 May 2025. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/tiktok-fined-530-million-euros-by- eu-regulator-over-data-protection-2025-05-02/
13 | People’s Daily. Li Hongzhong Leads a Delegation of the National People’s Congress to Visit Ireland
[CN]. 19 May 2025. http://cpc-app.people.cn/n1/2025/0519/c64094-40482478.html
14 | Reuters. What Is Ireland’s Exposure to the US Economy and Trump’s Plans?. Reuters. March 11. 2025. https://www.reuters.com/en/what-is-irelands-exposure-us-economy-trumps-plans-2025-03-11/; European Commission. Fourth Annual Report on the Screening of Foreign Direct Investments into the Union. REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL. 17 October 2024). https://
eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52024DC0464
15 | Based on the MERICS Trade Dependency Database
16 | A. Davey. Ireland: Searching for Autonomy amid US-China Rivalry | Merics. 1 July 2024. https://merics. org/en/ireland-searching-autonomy-amid-us-china-rivalrysignificant developments have thrust China and the associated risks of Ireland’s engagement with it squarely into the spotlight. Among these are Richard O’Halloran’s three-year “exit ban” on leaving China, the illegal establishment of a Fuzhou Overseas Police Service Station in Dublin and the risks related to Ireland’s immigration investor programme, the overwhelming majority of successful applications for which have been Chinese nationals, as well as Ireland’s lack of a formal national security clearance system.Ireland’s de-risking approach predominantly revolves around its aim to maintain a balanced economic relationship and ensure that Irish and Chinese companies have fair opportunities to expand into each other’s markets, in order to foster mutual economic interdependence rather than one-sided dependency. This standpoint paired with past risks has led to an accelerated alignment with EU policy, leaving Ireland’s approach to China more securitised than before.In light of these issues, and following President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen’s March 2023 speech on “de-risking” the EU’s relationship with China, Ireland’s Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister
17 | Reuters. Intel Is a Security Risk for China. Says Influential Industry Group. CNN. 17 October 2024.
https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/16/tech/china-intel-security-review-intl-hnk/index.html
18 | MSD Ireland in Deal to Buy WuXi Vaccines. Dundalk Site. 6 January 2025. https://www.rte.ie/news/
business/2025/0106/1489298-msd-ireland-in-deal-to-buy-wuxi-vaccines-dundalk-site/
19 | M. Martin. RIA International Affairs Conference – Tánaiste’s Keynote Address. 2 May 2023. https://
http://www.gov.ie/en/speech/c6bc3-ria-international-affairs-conference-tanaistes-keynote-address/
20 | Commencement of Screening of Third Country Transactions Act 2023. 18 December 2024. https:// enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2024/december/20241218.html
21 | J. Keane. Chinese Mining Giant Ganfeng Is Taking Full Control of Irish Lithium Project. The Currency (blog). 11 April 2025. https://thecurrency.news/articles/185687/chinese-mining-giant-ganfeng-is-taking- full-control-of-irish-lithium-project/
22 | European Commission New Initiatives to Strengthen Economic Security. European Commission. 24 January 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_363; Revision of the EU FDI Screening Regulation: Is EU-Wide Investment Screening on the Way?. 29 January 2025. https://www. noerr.com/en/insights/competition-outlook-2025-revision-of-the-eu-fdi-screening-regulation-is-eu-wide- investment-screening-on-the-way
23 | European Parliament. Revision of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Screening Regulation | Legislative Train Schedule. European Parliament. 20 February 2025. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/ theme-an-economy-that-works-for-people/file-revision-of-the-fdi-screening-regulation
24 | M. Martin. Department of Defence and Defence Forces Strategy Statement 2023-2026. Department of Defence. 10 October 2023). https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/department-of-defence-and-defence- forces-strategy-statement-2023-2026.pdf; N. O’Connor. As Defence Forces Chief Takes EU’s Top Military Job, His Support Team Heads to Brussels. TheJournal.ie. March 9. 2025. https://www.thejournal.ie/irish- eumc-european-union-military-sean-clancy-rossa-mulcahy-6641208-Mar2025/; H. Fox. Procurement Talks on Irish Military Radar System to Begin. 29 April 2025. https://amp.rte.ie/amp/1509969/; Conor Gallagher. Plans to Base Combat Jets at Shannon Airport at Annual Cost of €100m. The Irish Times. 1 March 2025. https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2025/03/01/plans-to-base-combat-jets-at-shannon-airport-at-annual- cost-of-100m/
25 | T. McNally. US Military Flights Landing at Shannon ‘seriously Undermining’ Irish Neutrality, Says TD.
Irish Examiner. 2 September 2024. https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/munster/arid-41467891.html
26 | How Did the ‘Triple Lock’ on Irish Troop Deployments Come into Being – and Why Is It Ending?. The Irish Times. 3 March 2025. https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2025/03/03/how-did-the-triple-lock-on-irish- troop-deployments-come-into-being-and-why-is-it-ending/
27 | N. Michael. Poll Shows Extensive Support for Ireland’s Neutrality. Irish Examiner. January 14. 2025.
https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41553730.html
28 | L. Cullen. Ireland’s Neutrality under Threat: Why We Must Oppose EU Militarisation – Liz Cullen. DiEM25. 5 March 2025. https://diem25.org/irelands-neutrality-under-threat-why-we-must-oppose-eu- militarisation/”container-title”:”DiEM25″,”language”:”en-GB”,”title”:”Ireland’s neutrality under threat: Why we must oppose EU militarisation – Liz Cullen”,”title-short”:”Ireland’s neutrality under threat”,”URL”:”https:// diem25.org/irelands-neutrality-under-threat-why-we-must-oppose-eu-militarisation/”,”author”:[{“family”:”C ullen”,”given”:”Liz”}],”accessed”:{“date-parts”:[[“2025″,3,19]]},”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2025″,3,5]]}}}],”sche ma”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}
29 | European External Action Service. Article 42(7) TEU -The EU’s Mutual Assistance Clause. European External Action Service. October 2022. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/ Article427TEU-TheEUsmutualassistanceclause.pdf; Article 42.7 of the Lisbon treaty (the so-called Irish clause) allows neutral member states to refrain from providing military assistance to their partners.
30 | J. Fox. US Senator Calls on Ireland to Increase Defence Spending. 19 February 2025. https://www.rte. ie/news/ireland/2025/0219/1497521-us-senator-defence/
31 | G. Duval. Europe’s Military Build-Up: Will Social Spending Be Sacrificed?. 14 March 20 25. https://www.
socialeurope.eu/europes-military-build-up-will-social-spending-be-sacrifice
