Iran Update, October 15, 2025

[ii] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/78213 ; https://t.me/tass_agency/344030

[iii] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/78213; https://www.aa dot com.tr/en/middle-east/-russia-syria-discuss-military-facilities-cooperation-in-oil-energy-sectors/3718064

[iv] https://t.me/SyPresidency/1594

[v] https://www.aei.org/articles/syrias-potential-impact-on-russias-africa-and-mediterranean-ambitions/

[vi] https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-april-17-2025

[vii] https://t.me/syrianmofaex1/1355; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-2-2025; https://t.me/syrianmofaex1/1179; https://sana dot sy/locals/2288673; https://t.me/Sy_Defense/1083; https://t.me/Sy_Defense/943 ; https://t.me/sana_gov/141445 ; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-march-6-2025/; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-april-17-2025/

[viii] https://t.me/sana_gov/141445; https://t.me/Sy_Defense/1093?single; https://t.me/Sy_Defense/943 ; https://t.me/sana_gov/141445; https://www.enabbaladi dot net/773249/—–; https://sana dot sy/locals/2288673; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-2-2025/

[ix] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russias-weakness-offers-leverage; https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/middleeast/syria-president-al-shara-interview.html; https://www.understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/The20Russian20MilitaryE28099s20Lessons20Learned20in20Syria_0.pdf

[x] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-says-us-sanctions-behind-acute-fuel-crisis-2020-09-16; https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70x500lkdno

[xi] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/what-russian-oil-flows-reveal-about-syria-and-lebanons-energy-sectors

[xii] http://kremlin dot ru/events/president/news/78213

[xiii] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/first-wheat-shipment-since-assads-ouster-arrives-syrias-latakia-2025-04-20; https://t.me/sana_gov/142106

[xiv] https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-syrias-sharaa-discuss-fate-russian-military-bases-wednesday-kremlin-says-2025-10-15

[xv] https://www.zeit dot de/2025/43/baschar-al-assad-moskau-russland-syrien-familie-wladimir-putin;

[xvi] https://www.thenationalnews dot com/news/mena/2025/10/15/syrias-al-shara-to-meet-putin-in-first-visit-to-russia; https://www.france24 dot com/ar/الشرق-الأوسط/20251015-سوريا-روسيا-موسكو-زيارة-الشرع-بوتين-بشار-الاسد-تحالف-استراتيجي-طرطوس-حميميم

[xvii] https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-april-9; -2025/ ; https://www.zeit dot de/2025/43/baschar-al-assad-moskau-russland-syrien-familie-wladimir-putin; https://www.france24 dot com/ar/الشرق-الأوسط/20251015-سوريا-روسيا-موسكو-زيارة-الشرع-بوتين-بشار-الاسد-تحالف-استراتيجي-طرطوس-حميميم

[xviii] https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-syrias-sharaa-discuss-fate-russian-military-bases-wednesday-kremlin-says-2025-10-15/

[xix] https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-syrias-sharaa-discuss-fate-russian-military-bases-wednesday-kremlin-says-2025-10-15/

[xx] https://israel-alma.org/russian-army-positions-in-the-syrian-golan-heights/

[xxi] https://www.syriaintransition.com/doubleorquits

[xxii] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20250310IPR27229/the-eu-must-support-the-political-transition-and-reconstruction-of-syria

[xxiii] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1404/07/23/3423922

[xxiv] https://www.criticalthreats.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/20200121-Report-Irans-Reserve-of-Last-Resort.pdf

[xxv] https://www.criticalthreats.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/20200121-Report-Irans-Reserve-of-Last-Resort.pdf

[xxvi] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/news/1404/07/23/3423922

[xxvii] https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tanker-diversions-sanctioned-chinese-terminal-may-cause-congestion-other-ports-2025-10-15/; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0275 ; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0275 ; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0135 ; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0090; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0056

[xxviii] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/unipec-diverts-supertanker-shandong-port-after-us-sanctions-2025-10-13/ ; https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/tanker-diversions-sanctioned-chinese-terminal-may-cause-congestion-other-ports-2025-10-15/

[xxix] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/discounts-iranian-oil-widen-china-record-stocks-even-sanctions-curb-shipments-2025-09-16/; https://understandingwar.org/research/adversary-entente/adversary-entente-task-force-update-august-27-2025/

[xxx] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/discounts-iranian-oil-widen-china-record-stocks-even-sanctions-curb-shipments-2025-09-16/

[xxxi] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-oil-port-set-introduce-measures-ban-shadow-fleet-2025-09-26/; https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chinas-shandong-port-group-blacklists-us-sanctioned-oil-vessels-say-traders-2025-01-07/

[xxxii] https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-oil-port-set-introduce-measures-ban-shadow-fleet-2025-09-26/; https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-19/the-shadow-fleet-of-ships-moving-sanctioned-iranian-oil-to-china-podcast

[xxxiii] https://www.vortexa.com/insights/irans-oil-network; https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/02/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-restores-maximum-pressure-on-iran/

[xxxiv] https://shafaq dot com/ar/مجتـمع/بسبب-العقوبات-ال-ميركية-مصرف-الرافدين-يغلق-مكتبه-في-الحشد-الشعبي

[xxxv] https://shafaq dot com/ar/مجتـمع/بسبب-العقوبات-ال-ميركية-مصرف-الرافدين-يغلق-مكتبه-في-الحشد-الشعبي ; https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0277 ; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-10-2025/

[xxxvi] https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/the-leadership-and-purpose-of-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces/

[xxxvii] https://aawsat dot com/node/5160266 ; https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations ; https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/profile-kataib-al-imam-ali ; https://www.facebook.com/100069443468998/videos/—-14———-/1368061814039836/

[xxxviii] https://shafaq dot com/ar/سیاسة/المالية-النيابية-ضغوط-مريكية-تعرقل-صرف-رواتب-الحشد-الشعبي

[xxxix] https://x.com/ERYANIM/status/1974549320432078852 ; https://alssaa dot com/post/show/40464———

[xl] https://www.foxbusiness.com/fox-news-world/iraqi-state-bank-accused-processing-payments-houthi-terrorists-who-disrupt-red-sea-commerce

[xli] https://www.nidaalwatan dot com/article/347704-التفاوض-مبادرة-رئاسية-بحجم-التحولات-واشنطن-تؤيد-وتدعم-بضغط-على-نتنياهو

[xlii] https://dearborn.org/preview/the-new-us-ambassador-to-beirut-at-the-end-of-the-month-71958 ; https://www.nidaalwatan dot com/article/347704-التفاوض-مبادرة-رئاسية-بحجم-التحولات-واشنطن-تؤيد-وتدعم-بضغط-على-نتنياهو

[xliii] https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-negotiations-trump-aoun-613d2eb94e7f1c8f7cfdd14dd8136e85

[xliv] https://x.com/LBpresidency/status/1970273108469706756 ; https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-envoy-says-israel-should-comply-with-lebanon-plan-disarm-militant-groups-2025-08-18/ ; https://x.com/LBpresidency/status/1957344935193059790 ; https://www.naharnet dot com/stories/en/314756-aoun-tells-barrack-israel-and-syria-need-to-commit-to-declaration-paper ; https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-plan-sees-hezbollah-disarmed-by-year-end-israeli-withdrawal-2025-08-07/ ; https://x.com/LBpresidency/status/1957111439585333565

[xlv] https://t.me/moriahdoron/24885

[xlvi] https://www.arabnews dot com/node/2603593/amp

[xlvii] https://www.thenationalnews dot com/news/mena/2025/10/13/hezbollah-says-gaza-truce-deal-validates-its-refusal-to-disarm/

[xlviii] https://www.thenationalnews dot com/news/mena/2025/10/13/hezbollah-says-gaza-truce-deal-validates-its-refusal-to-disarm/

[xlix] https://www.thenationalnews dot com/news/mena/2025/10/13/hezbollah-says-gaza-truce-deal-validates-its-refusal-to-disarm/ ; https://israel-alma.org/hezbollahs-resistance-campaign-we-will-not-give-up-the-weapons/

[l] https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/06/how-hezbollah-holds-sway-over-lebanese-state/05-influence-over-military-and-security ; https://x.com/ALJADEEDNEWS/status/1962924930552467601 ; https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-says-lebanon-cabinet-decision-seek-state-monopoly-arms-is-grave-sin-2025-08-06/ ; https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-august-26-2025/

[li] https://www.meforum.org/is-it-possible-to-disarm-hezbollah-and-save

[lii] https://thenational-the-national-prod.web.arc-cdn dot net/world/mena/hezbollah-uses-shebaa-farms-dispute-to-hold-on-to-weapons-1.857999

[liii] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-and-hamas-start-next-phase-of-talks-on-trump-plan-3c4ecd36?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos1

[liv] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-and-hamas-start-next-phase-of-talks-on-trump-plan-3c4ecd36?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos1

[lv] https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/01/middleeast/netanyahu-defends-trump-gaza-plan-intl

[lvi] https://almanar dot com.lb/article/264967/?s=tg ; https://www.kurdistan24 dot net/en/story/868769 ; https://www.ynetnews dot com/article/hkr1yb00tlg

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