Federal prosecutors charged two Chinese researchers June 3 with smuggling a crop-killing fungus into the U.S. last summer — charges that come amid heightened political tensions between the two countries and as the Trump administration moves to revoke visas from visiting Chinese students.
Yunqing Jian and Zunyong Liu were charged with conspiracy, smuggling, making false statements and visa fraud for allegedly bringing the fungus Fusarium graminearum into the U.S. Jian, 33, was booked in a Detroit federal court. Liu, 34, is thought to be in China.
According to the FBI, Liu had small baggies of the fungus stashed in his backpack when he flew to the U.S. last year and, after claiming ignorance about the plant material inside them, said he planned to use it for research at a University of Michigan lab where Jian worked and where Liu previously worked.
Messages between the two in 2024 suggest that Jian was already tending to Fusarium graminearum at the campus lab before Liu was caught at the Detroit airport, the FBI said. The university does not have federal permits to handle it.
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On Liu’s phone, the FBI said authorities found a scientific article titled “Plant-Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions.” The agency said a scientific journal describes the fungus as a “potential agroterrorism weapon.”
A week before arriving in the U.S., according to investigators, Liu exchanged messages with Jian, who said, “It’s a pity that I still have to work for you.”
The FBI said Liu replied: “Once this is done, everything else will be easy.”
Months later, in February, FBI agents visited Jian at the campus lab. She said, “100% no,” when asked if she had assisted Liu with the pathogen at the lab.
The FBI said it also found a signed statement on her phone expressing her support for the Communist Party of China. “The alleged actions of these Chinese nationals, including a loyal member of the Chinese Communist Party, are of the gravest national security concerns,” U.S. Attorney Jerome Gorgon Jr. said.
The U.S. does not have an extradition treaty with China, which makes Liu’s arrest unlikely unless he returns.
What is it?
Fusarium graminearum causes a disease called Fusarium head blight that can wipe out cereal crops such as wheat, barley and maize and rice. It inflicts $1 billion in losses annually on U.S. wheat and barley crops, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
It isn’t the only fungus to cause Fusarium head blight, but it’s the most common culprit in the U.S.
The fungus infects plants early in the growing season, shriveling wheat grains and blanching crop heads a whitish-tan color. It also causes a toxin to accumulate in wheat kernels that can make them unsafe for people and livestock to eat.
Nicknamed “vomitoxin” because it’s most known for causing livestock to throw up, it also can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache and fever in animals and people.
Wheat and other grain crops are screened for various toxins, including Fusarium graminearum, before they can be used to feed animals and humans. Farmers have to throw out any infected grains, which can cause devastating losses.
“It’s one of the many problems that farmers have to deal with that risks their livelihood,” said David Geiser, a Fusarium expert at Penn State.
Why is it studied?
Though Jian and Liu are accused of smuggling Fusarium graminearum into the country, the fungus is already prevalent in the U.S. — particularly in the east and Upper Midwest — and scientists have been studying it for decades.
Researchers often bring foreign plants, animals and even strains of fungi to the U.S. to study them, but they must file certain permits before moving anything across state or national borders.
Studying the genes of a foreign fungus strain, for example, can help scientists learn how it tolerates heat, resists pesticides or mutates.
“We look at variations among individuals just like we do humans,” said Nicole Gauthier, a plant pathologist at the University of Kentucky who studies Fusarium.
It’s unclear why the Chinese researchers might have wanted to bring that strain of Fusarium graminearum into the U.S. and why they didn’t fill out the proper paperwork to do so.
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