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The secure and efficient sharing of geographic spatial data is crucial for applications in urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring. However, conventional access control systems face scalability, security, and transparency problems in a distributed environment. This paper proposes a new framework that marries attribute-based access control with blockchain technology and smart contracts for fine-grained, decentralized, and tamper-proof data sharing. This paper introduces a new framework which combines Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), blockchain technology, smart contracts, and an upgraded Black-winged Kite (UBK) algorithm. Access regulations and audit logs are stored on a private blockchain using a Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism for immutability and transparency. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces evaluation policy time by 70% and storage overhead by 52% compared to the traditional attribute-based access control, while achieving 98.2% accuracy in access decisions. The performance test shows evaluation time and storage increase linearly, thus proving appropriate large-scale deployment. The combination of blockchain and smart contracts guarantees security-auditable and automated enforcement of access policies without needing a central authority.
