From riots and escape attempts to inmate baseball leagues and a prison band featuring Al Capone, these behind-the-scenes photos reveal what life was really like at Alcatraz.
Although it has been closed since 1963, Alcatraz is still one of the most notorious penitentiaries in American history. But before “the Rock” was a maximum security prison, the island off the coast of San Francisco was a military fort. And today, it’s a popular tourist destination. Indeed, photos of Alcatraz Island over the decades show just how much the landmark has changed since it was first developed.
1 of 56A crowd watching the Alcatraz prison train departing with prisoners onboard. August 1934.San Francisco Public Library 2 of 56Alcatraz Island as seen from Hyde Street in San Francisco. 1957.San Francisco Public Library 3 of 56Prisoners in the Alcatraz recreation yard. Undated.
Here, inmates could play games like baseball and dominoes or just take the time to enjoy the little fresh air they were allotted. National Park Service 4 of 56Inmates walk through a cell block accompanied by a guard. Undated.National Park Service 5 of 56The Alcatraz mugshot of gangster and inmate Al Capone. 1934.
Capone was stabbed while serving time at the prison but survived, completing his term there in 1939. Bettmann/Getty Images 6 of 56A guard stands by the prison “snitch box,” a metal detector at the registration desk. 1956. San Francisco Public Library 7 of 56The lighthouse on Alcatraz Island was the first one built on the West Coast. San Francisco Public Library 8 of 56Press and spectators stand on the shore and view the carnage of the “Battle of Alcatraz” prison riot. May 1946.Bettmann/Getty Images 9 of 56A prisoner in his cell at Alcatraz. 1954.San Francisco Public Library 10 of 56Not all parts of life at Alcatraz were bleak. Here, the prison’s inmate band, the Rock Islanders, rehearses. Undated.National Park Service 11 of 56The view from the third-floor guard station, with cell block B on the left and cell block C on the right. 1986.Library of Congress 12 of 56A prison menu from March 13, 1956, featuring frankfurters, chili, potatoes, sauerkraut, carrots, banana pudding, and rolls.San Francisco Public Library 13 of 56Evidence used in the trial of inmates who made a failed escape attempt from Alcatraz Prison, including a death mask of a guard who was killed in the incident. 1938.San Francisco Public Library 14 of 56Alcatraz inmates gathered in the recreation yard. 1957.San Francisco Public Library 15 of 56A tangled mass of barbed wire looms above as a guard stands watch over the prison yard. 1962. Bettmann/Getty Images 16 of 56A guard stands watch as prisoners enter the mess hall for a meal. 1962.National Park Service 17 of 56Tags hang from the toes of prisoners who died during the Battle of Alcatraz escape attempt. 1946.San Francisco Public Library 18 of 56Houses on Alcatraz Island for the families of guards. Undated.San Francisco Public Library 19 of 56The desolate and simple confines of a cell that was used for solitary confinement. 1974.San Francisco Public Library 20 of 56Grenade and rifle smoke seen during the three-day prisoner revolt in May 1946.San Francisco Public Library 21 of 56A guard examines one of the holes chiseled through a cell wall that three inmates successfully escaped through in 1962.Bettmann/Getty Images 22 of 56A gas grenade burned the face of Ed Miller, the associate warden at Alcatraz, during the 1946 riot.Bettmann/Getty Images 23 of 56Dummy heads made of papier-mâché that were used as decoys during the 1962 escape of Frank Morris, Clarence Anglin, and John Anglin.San Francisco Public Library 24 of 56A guard at Alcatraz sitting behind his desk. 1956.San Francisco Public Library 25 of 56Inmates bake fresh bread in the prison kitchen. Undated.National Park Service 26 of 56Prior to becoming a federal penitentiary, Alcatraz Island functioned as a military prison.
Here, officers and ladies are pictured on the island’s dock. 1902. National Park Service 27 of 56Army prisoners line up and await orders. 1902.National Park Service 28 of 56Prison life was full of long work hours. Some inmates spent their days weaving cargo nets. Undated.National Park Service 29 of 56New prisoners arriving at Alcatraz via the prison train. 1934.San Francisco Public Library 30 of 56A Coast Guard patrol ship and an Alcatraz prison boat circle Alcatraz Island during the 1946 prison revolt.San Francisco Public Library 31 of 56Mugshot of notorious Alcatraz inmate George “Machine Gun” Kelly.
He spent 17 years at Alcatraz as inmate number 117 for kidnapping oil tycoon Charles F. Urschel in 1933.Public Domain 32 of 56On the left, specators in San Francisco observe the smoke from the prison riot on Alcatraz Island in 1946.
On the right, a body is removed after the revolt. 1946. San Francisco Public Library 33 of 56One of the prison cells, complete with a papier-mâché decoy head, from which an inmate fled during the 1962 escape. National Park Service 34 of 56A guard at Alcatraz watching from the top of a tower. 1956.San Francisco Public Library 35 of 56Gangster Mickey Cohen sits in an automobile just before boarding a prison boat for his return to Alcatraz after he was temporarily released on bail. 1962.
The mobster was serving a 15-year sentence for tax evasion. Bettmann/Getty Images 36 of 56Prisoners work in the Alcatraz rubber shop. Circa 1940s.National Park Service 37 of 56Alcatraz guard Royal C. Cline after he was beaten with a hammer by inmates during an escape attempt. He later died from his injuries. 1938.San Francisco Public Library 38 of 56A rare celebratory event at the prison: A retirement party for Warden James A. Johnston. 1948. National Park Service 39 of 56Prisoners learned trades and skills in prison so that they might contribute to society upon release.
Here, inmates sew pants. 1954. San Francisco Public Library 40 of 56Al Capone’s wife, Mamie, visits her husband at Alcatraz. 1938.Bettmann/Getty Images 41 of 56A prison cook stands ready to serve inmates a meal of turkey, gravy, sweet potatoes, peas, apple pie, and more on Christmas Day. Circa 1951.National Park Service 42 of 56A guard examines a vent on the roof of cell block B that three inmates escaped from. 1962. San Francisco Public Library 43 of 56The record for gangster Arthur “Doc” Barker from the warden’s notebook. Barker was imprisoned at Alcatraz from 1936 until he was killed while trying to escape in 1939.Public Domain 44 of 56Alcatraz prisoner Clarence Anglin’s FBI wanted poster for committing bank robbery. Anglin was one of the three inmates who successfully escaped in 1962.National Park Service 45 of 56Tools and other items used during the infamous Alcatraz escape of 1962, during which three men got away, never to be seen again. National Park Service 46 of 56The warden’s file on prisoner Joseph Soliwode, who was serving a life sentence (later reduced to 25 years) for rape. He arrived at Alcatraz in 1934.Public Domain 47 of 56A guard stands in the cell of Frank Morris, who successfully escaped by enlarging the vent in his room. 1962.San Francisco Public Library 48 of 56Marvin Hubbard, Bernard Paul Coy, and Clarence Carnes, the three inmates who died during the riot of 1946, which began as an escape attempt.Bettmann/Getty Images 49 of 56Sam Shockley (left) and Miran Thompson (right), prior to their incarceration at Alcatraz. They would later be charged with helping to start the 1946 riots. San Francisco Public Library 50 of 56Prison guard C. D. Corwin receives medical attention after being wounded in the prison riot of 1946. San Francisco Public Library 51 of 56U.S. Marine C. L. Buckner reads a newspaper article about the “Battle of Alcatraz” riot that he and his colleagues helped quell. 1946. San Francisco Public Library 52 of 56The mugshot of Miran Thompson, an Alcatraz inmate who was placed in solitary confinement and later executed for his part in starting the three-day riot of 1946. San Francisco Public Library 53 of 56Marine Major Albert Arsenault reports on his experience helping to quash the Alcatraz prison riot of 1946.San Francisco Public Library 54 of 56Clarence Carnes, Sam Shockley, and Miran Thompson, the three out of six inmates who survived the 1946 riot that began after their failed escape attempt. Pictured here on their way to court in 1948.
Shockley and Thompson were executed in a gas chamber. Carnes was shown mercy and given a life sentence.Public Domain 55 of 56Bailiff Walter Beram holds the bloodstained shirt of Milton Pettijohn during a trial of two other prisoners who made a failed escape attempt from Alcatraz. 1938.San Francisco Public Library 56 of 56 55 Historic Photos Of Alcatraz Prison, America’s Most Notorious Lockup View Gallery
As a prison, Alcatraz was designed to be escape-proof, though some men still tried to flee. Since it was located on an isolated island in San Francisco Bay, however, even those who managed to escape the walls of the penitentiary itself were more than likely doomed to meet an ill fate in the icy waters below. In theory, most prisons are meant to rehabilitate inmates. Alcatraz was different. It had one goal and one goal only: containment.
Eventually, the operation and maintenance costs for the crumbling facility simply rose too high to keep the prison open. The final inmates were transferred out in March 1963, 29 years after the first federal prisoners arrived.
In 1969, Native American activists began occupying the island to protest government policies, remaining for nearly two years. Then, in 1972, the National Park Service purchased the land, and it’s been open to tourists since October 1973.
Above, look through 55 photos of Alcatraz Island that reveal what life was like there over the years. And below, read more about its fascinating — and turbulent — history.
From Military Fortress To Inescapable Prison
Long before Alcatraz was a massive holding cell for America’s most hardened gangsters, it was nothing more than an island off the coast of a landmass that would become the United States.
It was first mapped in 1775 by the Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala, who dubbed it La Isla de los Alcatraces, or “The Island of the Pelicans.” That name was eventually anglicized to Alcatraz, which it remains known as to this day.
In 1850, a presidential order marked Alcatraz as a potential future location for a U.S. military site. After the gold rush transformed San Francisco into a bustling port city, the strategic position of Alcatraz was made abundantly clear, and fortifications such as cannons and ramparts were built on the island — as well as the West Coast’s first lighthouse.
At the same time, a secondary use for Alcatraz also emerged: confinement.
As early as the Civil War, military prisoners were being sent to the remote outpost. Despite being heavily fortified for war, the cannons on Alcatraz were never fired in battle, and over time, its use as a confinement facility overtook its role as a strategic fort. By 1907, Alcatraz was officially designated a military prison.
Over the following decades, inmates helped build many of the structures that would later define the penitentiary, from cell blocks to watchtowers. Soldiers convicted of crimes such as desertion, mutiny, or insubordination worked in rock quarries and maintained the island under the Army’s stern watch. Just over two decades later, however, a new chapter in Alcatraz’s history began.
Iconic Photos Of Alcatraz Island During Its Federal Penitentiary Era
With organized crime on the rise and federal prisons struggling to contain high-profile gangsters, the Department of Justice took over Alcatraz in 1933. The island was transformed into a maximum security prison that was intended to break the spirits of those considered the most incorrigible. Surrounded by icy waters and deadly currents and reinforced with steel and concrete, Alcatraz became a place where escape was thought to be impossible.
When the first group of 137 federal prisoners arrived in August 1934, they stepped into a world of rigid control.
San Francisco Public LibraryThe opening of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on August 18, 1934.
Silence was enforced in mess halls, letters were screened and censored, and privileges were stripped to the bare minimum. Each cell only measured about five by nine feet and was furnished with just a bed, sink, and toilet. Meals were plain but consistent, a deliberate policy to prevent hunger from sparking unrest. Punishment for rule-breaking was severe, and those sent to solitary confinement in the D-Block isolation wing called it “the Hole” due to how dark and bare the cells were.
“I killed an Army sergeant to protect my own life. I served 10 years in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, which was bad enough, and two months in Alcatraz prison, which was worse,” reads the account of inmate Bryan Conway, published originally by Reader’s Digest in 1938.
“The first glimpse of Alcatraz prison fills a convict with grim forebodings,” Conway said. “That bare rock rising out of San Francisco Bay has little vegetation. It is subject to fogs and damp winds. I’ve seen guards wearing overcoats in midsummer. I am certain that part of the convict’s dread of Alcatraz prison is due to adroit propaganda regarding the terrors of ‘the Rock.'”
Alcatraz typically held between 260 and 275 inmates at any given time, with a staff of around 90 guards, maintenance workers, clerics, mechanics, and administrators. Prisoners worked in laundries, workshops, and factories. They were permitted some recreation, including handball and baseball in the yard, and music under strict conditions. An inmate band even put on performances, but the monotony in combination with an ever-present sense of isolation took a psychological toll on both the prisoners and the guards.
“Men go slowly insane under the exquisite torture of restricted and undeviating routine,” said Conway. “And not so slowly at that, because out of a total of 317 prisoners, 14 went violently insane during my last year on the Rock, and any number of others were what we call ‘stir crazy,’ going about their familiar routine like punch-drunk boxers.”
Unlike most penitentiaries, Alcatraz was also home to a community of prison staff and their families. Photos of Alcatraz Island from this period show their separate housing on the island, as well as a school, a chapel, and even a small grocery store for guards’ children and spouses. This community existed in stark contrast to the strict prison regime at the heart of the island, contributing to the enduring fascination with the island’s past.
It wasn’t the only thing that cemented Alcatraz’s place in history, though.
Infamous Inmates And Escape Attempts
A large part of Alcatraz’s notoriety came from the caliber of men it held. And over the 29 years it was in operation, Alcatraz saw some infamous inmates.
Chicago mob boss Al Capone, stripped of his influence and weakened by syphilis, spent four-and-a-half years on the island, even playing banjo in the prison band. By then, Capone had become unpopular among his fellow inmates, simultaneously asking for the respect he had once earned and too weak to demand it.
“Capone gets lonesome because he doesn’t come in contact with many other men,” Conway recalled. “He has lost weight, is said to be in mortal fear for his life, and is deprived of all the privileges he used to purchase at Atlanta.”
George “Machine Gun” Kelly, once a feared kidnapper, meanwhile, became a model prisoner and was mockingly called “Pop Gun Kelly” by his fellow inmates.
Alvin “Creepy” Karpis, a notorious kidnapper and bank robber, served the longest sentence of any Alcatraz prisoner: 26 years.
Another member of the same gang, Arthur “Doc” Barker, was killed during an escape attempt in 1939. Despite this, Barker was hardly the only person to ever make an attempt to flee the prison.
San Francisco Public LibraryArthur “Doc” Barker was killed while trying to escape from Alcatraz in 1939.
Between 1934 and 1963, 36 men attempted to flee in 14 separate incidents. Most were caught, killed, or presumed drowned, but a few cases remain unresolved. In 1937, for instance, Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe vanished into the bay after escaping through a window in the prison’s rubber mat shop. They were never seen again. Authorities assumed they drowned, but some speculated they may have survived.
Then, in 1946, the so-called “Battle of Alcatraz” erupted when six inmates, led by Bernard Coy, managed to overpower guards and seize weapons. Their bid for freedom failed when they could not access the prison yard, but the standoff lasted two days. U.S. Marines were called in. Photos of Alcatraz Island during the siege show plumes of smoke emerging from the prison — and by the time it cleared, two guards and three inmates were dead.
The most famous escape attempt, however, came in June 1962, when Frank Morris and brothers John and Clarence Anglin executed a bold and daring plan. Using handmade tools, they carved through the walls of their cells, created papier-mâché heads to fool guards, and escaped into the bay on a raft fashioned from raincoats. The FBI concluded they drowned, but evidence and family claims have long fueled speculation that the men actually made it to freedom.
Alcatraz Island’s Reopening As A National Park
In either case, the men’s success in their endeavor — at least, in making it off the island — was indicative of a larger breakdown of Alcatraz’s security. By the late 1950s, the prison buildings had begun to crumble. Salt water and wind eroded the concrete, plumbing rusted, and the cost of operation far outstripped that of other prisons, especially since every supply had to be shipped in.
At one point, it cost more than three times as much to house a prisoner on Alcatraz Island as it did on the mainland.
With all this in mind, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the prison closed in 1963. On March 21, the final group of inmates was transferred, and the doors of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary closed for good. That didn’t mark the end of the island’s story, however.
Bettmann/Getty ImagesNative American protestors occupying Alcatraz in November 1969.
In 1969, Native American activists occupied Alcatraz for 19 months, invoking a treaty that allowed indigenous groups to reclaim unused federal land. The protest brought national attention to Native rights before the government forcibly ended it in 1971, after the Nixon administration concluded that no agreement could be reached.
A year later, Alcatraz was incorporated into the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Today, the National Park Service manages it as a historic site. Over a million visitors now walk through its decaying cell blocks each year, listening to audio tours that include the voices of former inmates and guards.
After looking through these photos of Alcatraz Island, check out the dark side of mental asylums of decades past. Then, step inside the five worst prisons on Earth.
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